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A regulatory process called _____ helps you maintain your baseline body weight.

A.energy homeostasis
B. positive energy balance
C. Negative energy balance
D. leptin resistance

Energy Homeostasis

Nelson feels that he has all the material possessions he needs in life and is now determined to devote all his energy to creative self-expression through music. Nelson's motivation is best accounted for by:

A.instinct theories.
B. drive theories.
C. humanistic theories.
D. arousal theories.

Humanistic Theories

Although Hunter keeps falling when he tries to learn to ice skate, he keeps working at being a better skater so he can play ice hockey. Hunter is demonstrating the motivation characteristic of:

competence.
intensity.
persistence.
initiation.

Persistence

One-year-old Samuel was born blind and deaf. According to research presented in the text, Samuel:

will not be able to express the basic emotions because of his disabilities.

will display all the known emotions during his first year.

will express emotions such as joy, anger, and pleasure using the same facial expressions as other children.

will display only the social smile but will not be able to express any of the other basic emotions.

will express emotions such as joy, anger, and pleasure using the same facial expressions as other children.

While taking a very tough final exam, Pietro noticed that his heart was pounding and his palms were sweaty. Pietro thought about it and decided that his pounding heart and sweaty palms were caused by anxiety. This best illustrates the _____ theory of emotion.

facial feedback
two-factor
self-efficacy
self-determination

Two-Factor

Which of the following is a criticism of instinct theories of motivation?

Research demonstrated that humans do not have innate behavior patterns.

Instinct theorists believed that there were only four human instincts.

Instinct theories merely described and labeled behaviors rather than actually explaining them.

Instinct theory only accounted for conscious responding, but did not exampling unconscious behaviors.

Instinct theories merely described and labeled behaviors rather than actually explaining them.

Basic emotions are:

universal and biologically determined, the products of evolution.

found only in young children.

emotions that have only one of the three characteristics of emotions.

culturally determined emotions that are specific for that culture.

universal and biologically determined, the products of evolution.

Which brain structure is activated first when people view threatening or fearful faces?

the amygdala
the hypothalamus
the cerebellum
the medulla

the amygdala

Adam, who is average height, has a BMI of 34. Assuming that Adam is not an elite athlete or a bodybuilder, he is:

very slender because he expends significantly more calories on vital body functions.
obese.
seriously underweight.
within the normal range for his height and weight.

Obese

After working all afternoon cleaning up the attic, Mr. Dixon is very thirsty and drinks a big glass of orange juice. His motivation to drink in order to reduce his feeling of thirst can best be explained by:

self-determination theory.
drive theories.
incentive theories.
arousal theory.

Drive Theories

Contemporary evolutionary psychologists tend to view emotions as:

likely to disrupt goal-directed behavior, distracting people from their long-term goals and causing them to make poor decisions.

primitive instinctual responses that were adaptive in prehistoric times but tend to be maladaptive in modern times.

less important than motives and goals.

the product of evolution, helping people adapt to challenges in their environments.

the product of evolution, helping people adapt to challenges in their environments.

The body mass index:

is a pseudoscientific indicator of eating disorders.

is a measure of the levels of insulin, glucose, and NPY in the bloodstream.

provides a single number reflecting a person's weight in relation to his or her height.

indicates the rate at which energy for vital body functions is expended while a person is resting.

provides a single number reflecting a person's weight in relation to his or her height.

When you feel cold, you engage in behavior to reduce this unpleasant feeling such as putting on your coat. This desire to reduce internal tension is a crucial aspect of _____ theories of motivation.

drive
arousal
instinct
incentive

Drive

Glucose is also called:

blood sugar.
dopamine.
cholecystokinin.
adipose tissue.

Blood Sugar

Psychologists define the term _____ as a complex psychological state that involves subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response.

motivation
emotion
self-efficacy
anthropomorphism

emotion

"To get someone to come to do a great job and take pride in their work, a monetary bonus is obviously the best motivator." This statement best illustrates _____ theories of motivation.

incentive
humanistic
drive
arousal

Incentive

Howard experienced brain damage that left him without the capacity to feel emotions but with the ability to reason. According to the discussion in your psychology text, people like Howard are likely to:

make excellent decisions that are very rational and logical, because they are not influenced by their emotions.

lose their ability to use gestures and facial expressions when speaking to others.

excel at math, logical puzzles, and games like chess.

make disastrous decisions.

make disastrous decisions.

Genetic susceptibility to obesity is likely due to:

a common mutation in a single gene carried on the X chromosome.

multiple genes on multiple chromosomes.

the malfunction of the gene that controls insulin production.

the presence of an ob/ob gene pair, which results in the inability to produce leptin.

multiple genes on multiple chromosomes.

Which of the following is an example of an emblem?

nodding your head to mean "yes"
looking away and smiling sheepishly when you're embarrassed
wearing white to a funeral in Atlanta
running when frightened

Nodding your head to mean "yes"

Emotion is to _____ as mood is to _____.

intense and short lived; general, pervasive, and longer lasting

physiologically arousing; psychologically depressing

general, pervasive, and longer lasting; intense and short lived

psychologically arousing; physiologically depressing

intense and short lived; general, pervasive, and longer lasting

Mark was upset because he only got half a sandwich while his older sister got two halves of a sandwich. After his mother cut his half sandwich into two pieces, Mark was perfectly happy. Mark is probably in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational

preoperational

Physical strength tends to peak in:

middle adulthood.
early adulthood.
late adulthood.
adolescence.

early adulthood.

Vicki was sitting in the rocking chair and playing with her doll. She dropped the doll, which landed out of view behind the rocking chair. A few moments later, Vicki climbed down and retrieved the doll. Vicki's behavior suggests that she has acquired the understanding of:

object permanence.
abstract reasoning.
centration.
conservation.

object permanence.

Connor and Mandy are two unrelated 13-month-old infants. Connor can already walk easily, but Mandy has yet to take her first steps. What is the most likely explanation for the difference between their ability levels?

Connor is brighter than Mandy, since he is progressing through the stages of development more rapidly.
Mandy and Connor are both well within the normal age range for the development of these motor skills.
Connor's mother has taught him to walk, but Mandy's mother has not taught her to walk.
Mandy's inability to walk at 13 months is abnormal and may indicate the presence of other developmental problems.

Mandy and Connor are both well within the normal age range for the development of these motor skills.

Excessive drinking during pregnancy can cause _____ which is characterized by physical and mental problems such as abnormal facial features or learning disabilities.

fetal alcohol syndrome
teratogen immunity
alcohol tolerance
fetal teratogen syndrome

Fetal Alcohol Sydrome

A teratogen is a:

specific type of genetic mutation that typically results in severe birth defects.
harmful agent, such as a chemical, drug, or disease, which can cause abnormal development or birth defects.
segment of DNA that is sometimes found on both the X and Y chromosome and that commonly results in intellectual disability.
recessive gene which is usually found only on the Y chromosome and that causes hemophilia and red-green color blindness in males.

harmful agent, such as a chemical, drug, or disease, which can cause abnormal development or birth defects.

In Piaget's theory, the term irreversibility refers to the:

early adulthood
early adolescence
about ages 3 to 5
about ages 5 to 7

early adolescence

In Kohlberg's theory of the development of moral reasoning, the preconventional level is characterized by:

moral reasoning based on self-interest, avoiding punishment, and maximizing personal gain.
concern for the rights of all members of society.
moral reasoning guided by conformity to social roles, rules, and expectations.
internalization of values or rules.

moral reasoning based on self-interest, avoiding punishment, and maximizing personal gain.

In the United States, average life expectancy for men is about _____ years, whereas average life expectancy for women is about _____ years.

79; 72
82; 89
76; 81
64; 71

76; 81

As a general rule, the greatest vulnerability to _____ occurs during the _____ period of prenatal development.

teratogens; embryonic
epigenesis; embryonic
epigenesis; germinal
teratogens; germinal

teratogens; embryonic

A structure called the _____ eventually thickens into three bulges that will form the three main regions of the brain: the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain.

ventricle
neural tube
epigenetic structure
amniotic sac

neural tube

Janeen touches her newborn's cheek. Her baby turns toward Janeen's hand and opens her mouth. Janeen has triggered which reflex?

the sucking reflex
the quickening reflex
the rooting reflex
the grasping reflex

the rooting reflex

Elizabeth is in the fifteenth week of her pregnancy. In terms of prenatal development, Elizabeth's pregnancy is in the _____ period.

fetal
germinal
embryonic
zygotic

Fetal

The end of menstruation in women, marking the end of reproductive capacity, is called:

menopause.
conservation.
menarche.
irreversibility.

Menopause

The basic sequence of motor skill development in infancy:

varies from one infant to another.
varies from one culture to another.
is generally the same for all infants.
cannot be reliably predicted.

is generally the same for all infants.

Dr. Professor's research examines cognitive changes that occur as people progress from young adulthood to late adulthood. Dr. Professor is a _____ psychologist.

biological
industrial/organizational
quantitative
developmental

developmental

Seven-year-old Amy demonstrates logical thinking when she plays checkers with her father, but she has some difficulty thinking logically about hypothetical situations or abstract ideas. Amy is most likely in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational

concrete operational

Psychological research shows that among healthy older adults, the LARGEST declines in mental abilities are experienced by:

well-educated people.
people who live unstimulating lives.
people who engage in many physical and mental activities.
people who are living in a senior housing complex or nursing home.

people who live unstimulating lives.

Adolescent relationships are characterized by which of the following?

Relationships with parents become more important, while relationships with peers become less important.
Relationships with peers become all important, while relationships with parents are not important at all.
Relationships with peers increase in importance, but relationships with parents remain important.
Relationships with other people become less important, as the adolescent tends to focus on developing his or her own identity.

Relationships with peers increase in importance, but relationships with parents remain important.

According to Carl Jung, the collective unconscious:

is analogous to Freud's concept of the preconscious.
gives rise to two personality types, the introvert and the extravert.
is the part of the unconscious mind that reflects human evolutionary history and is common to all people.
is the source of sexual and aggressive instinctual drives.

is the part of the unconscious mind that reflects human evolutionary history and is common to all people.

According to Carl Rogers, when a child senses that he is loved and valued only when he behaves in a way that is acceptable to his parents, the parents are displaying _____ toward the child.

congruence
self-efficacy
conditional positive regard
unconditional positive regard

conditional positive regard

Dr. Romero asked her patient, Glen, to study a brightly colored image made by an inkblot on a card. She asked Glen to tell her what he "saw" in the image and took careful notes of his descriptions. What test is Dr. Romero using?

the Thematic Apperception Test
the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
the Rorschach Inkblot Test
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

the Rorschach Inkblot Test

A focus on similarities among people is to the _____ perspective as a focus on differences among people is to the _____ perspective.

trait; social cognitive
psychoanalytic; humanistic
psychoanalytic; trait
social cognitive; humanistic

psychoanalytic; trait

The drawing depicts Sigmund Freud's famous iceberg analogy for the structure of personality. Which letter labels the personality dimension that Freud called the id?

A (Conscious)
B (Preconscious)
C (Unconscious)

C

According to Freud, the ego is guided by _____, whereas the id is guided by _____.

Thanatos; Eros
Eros; Thanatos
the reality principle; the pleasure principle
the pleasure principle; the reality principle

the reality principle; the pleasure principle

According to Eysenck's theory, _____ tend to seek out stimulating environments, while _____ tend to avoid stimulating environments.

neurotics; psychotics
psychotics; neurotics
extraverts; introverts
introverts; extraverts

extraverts; introverts

Kelley and Madison are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different families. In a twin study, similarities in their personality traits would be judged to be due to _____, and differences in their personality traits would be considered to be due to _____.

genetic influences; environmental influences
environmental influences; genetic influences
emergenic influences; heritability of traits
heritability of traits; emergenic influences

genetic influences; environmental influences

Womb envy is to _____ as penis envy is to _____.

Horney; Adler
Horney; Freud
Jung; Adler
Jung; Freud

Horney; Freud

Identify the trait theorist who believed that personality could be described in terms of sixteen personality dimensions.

Hans Eysenck
Albert Bandura
Raymond Cattell
Isabel Briggs Myers

Raymond Cattell

Personality theories:

attempt to explain how and why people are similar and different.
focus on explaining the development of a specific personality characteristic, such as shyness.
focus on personality types rather than on personality traits and characteristics.
are impossible to test scientifically.

attempt to explain how and why people are similar and different.

A trait is formally defined as a(n):

set of beliefs that are held about the self.
unconscious motive or drive.
specific defense mechanism that produces a particular pattern of behavior.
relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way.

relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way.

_____ is to trait theory as _____ is to social cognitive theory.

Sigmund Freud; Raymond Cattell
Karen Horney; Albert Bandura
Albert Bandura; Carl Rogers
Raymond Cattell; Albert Bandura

Raymond Cattell; Albert Bandura

Raymond Cattell used a statistical technique called _____ to sort through a large number of personality traits and identify those that represented the most basic dimensions of personality.

factor analysis
archetyping
personality typing
meta-analysis

Factor Analysis

Regarding projective tests, which of the following statements is FALSE?

The scoring of projective tests is very subjective.
Projective tests often produce inconsistent results.
Projective tests are extremely accurate in predicting future behavior.
When they administer a projective test, different examiners may arrive at different conclusions about the same individual.

Projective tests are extremely accurate in predicting future behavior.

According to Alfred Adler:

the images and themes contained in the collective unconscious are transmitted from one generation to the next.

the most fundamental human motive was the desire to improve oneself, master challenges, and move toward self-perfection.

men suffer from "womb envy" and resent women's capacity to bear children.

the Oedipus complex persists and resurfaces throughout life.

the most fundamental human motive was the desire to improve oneself, master challenges, and move toward self-perfection.

According the five-factor model of personality, the "Big Five" traits are:

introverted/neurotic, extraverted/neurotic, introverted/stable, extraverted/stable, and psychoticism.

introversion, extraversion, neuroticism, stability, and psychoticism.

neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.

extraversion/introversion, sensing/intuitive, perceiving/judging, thinking/feeling, and neuroticism/psychoticism

neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.

According to reciprocal determinism:

human behavior and personality are caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors.
unconscious and conscious forces operate together to determine the nature of personality.
genes interact with the environment to determine human personality.
human behavior is determined by the unconscious personality dynamics that give rise to self-efficacy.

human behavior and personality are caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors.

Serena's psychologist asked her to look carefully at several ambiguous images and say what she sees in the images. Serena's psychologist is using what kind of personality test?

a graphology test
a projective test
a personality type inventory
a self-report inventory

a projective test

In psychology, the term personality refers to:

a person's skill in making others feel good about himself or herself.
the socially desirable characteristics that a person typically displays.
the way people perceive a particular person.
an individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

an individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

A term that refers to the mental processes we use to form judgments and draw conclusions about the characteristics and motives of others is:

person perception.
social norms.
social influence.
cognitive schemas.

Person Perception

Person perception follows some basic principles. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

Your self-perception influences how you perceive others and how you act on your perceptions.
Your goals in a particular situation determine the amount and kind of information you collect about others.
Your reactions to others are not determined by your perceptions of them, but rather by who, or what, they really are.
In every situation you evaluate people partly in terms of how you expect them to act in that situation.

Your reactions to others are not determined by your perceptions of them, but rather by who, or what, they really are.

Suzy's psychology professor (Dr. Taylor) was 10 minutes late to class today. Suzy immediately thought to herself, "How unprofessional. I bet he was napping in his office or something." In reality, Dr. Taylor had been in a terrible car accident yet heroically made it to class only 10 minutes late. Suzy's thinking about the dedicated Dr. Taylor is an example of:

an actor-observer bias.
a fundamental attribution error.
a hindsight bias.
a self-effacing bias.

a fundamental attribution error.

An important social psychology concept is your sense of _____, which is an individual's unique sense of identity that has been influenced by social, cultural, and psychological experiences.

self
reciprocity
direction
humor

Self

Half the female participants were told that males typically did better than females on the math test they were about to take, and the other half were told that the test did not produce gender differences. The first group scored lower on the test than did the second group. These results are explained by a phenomenon called:

hindsight bias.
stereotype threat.
blame the victim.
the just-world hypothesis.

stereotype threat.

Dr. Strayer investigates the mental processes we use to make sense of our social environment and form judgments about the characteristics and motives of other people. Dr. Strayer is most likely a(n)_____ psychologist.

evolutionary
clinical
social
cognitive

Social

Dr. Taylor noticed that one of his students had fallen asleep during class. Dr. Taylor immediately thought to himself, "This student probably out too late partying last night. Alcohol abuse is to blame for his somnolence". In reality, the student had just finished working the night shift at his job, and the interaction of poverty and hard work was to blame for his somnolence. Dr. Taylor's thinking is example of:

an actor-observer bias.
a fundamental attribution error.
a hindsight bias.
a self-effacing bias.

a fundamental attribution error.

Physical attractiveness is:

not correlated with any other characteristics.
correlated with intelligence, happiness, and self-esteem.
highly correlated with social competence, assertiveness, and intelligence.
not correlated with intelligence, mental health, or self-esteem.

correlated with intelligence, happiness, and self-esteem.

Altruism is to _____ as prosocial behavior is to _____.

expectation of reward; selfishness
helping another person with no expectation of reward; either selfless or self-serving behavior
the rule of commitment; the rule of reciprocity
either selfless or self-serving behavior; helping another person with no expectation of reward

helping another person with no expectation of reward; either selfless or self-serving behavior

Dr. Krane studies questions such as why we conform to group norms, what compels us to obey authority figures, and the conditions under which people will help a stranger. Dr. Krane's research focuses on an area of social psychology called:

social cognition.
social perception.
social influence
ethnocentrism.

Social Influence

_____ is defined as a negative attitude toward people who belong to a specific group.

Ethnocentrism
Prejudice
The rule of reciprocity
The self-effacing bias

Prejudice

Of the following factors, which is NOT one that will make you more likely to conform to the group's norms?

You have already expressed commitment to a different idea or opinion.
You are strongly attracted to the group and want to be a member of it.
You are facing a unanimous majority of four or five people.
You must give your response in front of the group.

You have already expressed commitment to a different idea or opinion.

In a science fiction story about hostile aliens invading Earth, the major conflicting political powers join together to combat the extraterrestrial threat. Generalizing from Muzafer Sherif's research, it would be safe to conclude that this act of cooperative behavior would lead to:

cognitive dissonance on a national level rather than on a social group level.
alienation, antagonism, and increased levels of conflict once the threat is over.
increased conflict over which group should get the most credit for defeating the aliens.
reduced conflict and increased harmony between the major powers.

reduced conflict and increased harmony between the major powers.

Milgram was influenced by Asch's conformity research, but he wanted to take Asch's research a step further and investigate a more important question. What was the question that Milgram wanted to study?

Would people still conform to the group if the group opinion was clearly wrong?
What factors or conditions produce intergroup conflict and intergroup harmony?
What factors increase, or decrease, the likelihood that people will help a stranger?
Could people be pressured by others into committing an immoral act or taking an action that violated their conscience, such as hurting a stranger?

Could people be pressured by others into committing an immoral act or taking an action that violated their conscience, such as hurting a stranger?

During a discussion about junk food with her two adolescent children, Mrs. Kozena made it very clear that she thought junk food was disgusting and that it upset her to see her children eat it. Mrs. Kozena's negative feeling about junk food best illustrates the _____ component of attitudes.

behavioral
cognitive
emotional
prosocial

Emotional

For as long as she can remember, Farrah has avoided talking to any Yumtucks because she thinks that all Yumtucks are self-centered and irresponsible. However, when Farrah's 4-year-old wandered out of the yard and strayed a couple of blocks, it was a Yumtuck who found the child and brought him safely back home. Based on this direct experience with a Yumtuck, Farrah is likely to:

abandon her stereotype of Yumtucks as self-centered and irresponsible.
think that this particular Yumtuck is an exception to the stereotype.
reach out and form friendships with the Yumtucks that live in her neighborhood.
think that the other person is not really a Yumtuck.

think that this particular Yumtuck is an exception to the stereotype.

Muzafer Sherif's work with 11-year-old boys at a summer camp demonstrated that:

it was very difficult to establish in-group/out-group conflict because there were no intrinsic differences between the Rattlers and the Eagles.
when situations were created that required cooperation and the joint efforts of both groups, conflict and hostility between them were reduced.
simple social contact between the two groups greatly reduced conflict and hostility.
contrary to expectations, competition between the two groups actually increased harmony between them.

when situations were created that required cooperation and the joint efforts of both groups, conflict and hostility between them were reduced.

_____ are evaluations that are automatic, unintentional, difficult to control, and are sometimes, but not always, unconscious.

Explicit attitudes
Implicit attitudes
Explicit attributions
Implicit attributions

Implicit attitudes

_____ is defined as the mental process of classifying people into groups on the basis of common characteristics.

Implicit cognition
Social categorization
The bystander effect
Explicit cognition

Social categorization

Dr. Pulaski decided to replicate Solomon Asch's classic experiment of conformity to group pressure. If his results are consistent with those of the original research, he is likely to find that:

approximately three-quarters (76 percent) of the subjects will conform to the group's judgment on at least one critical trial.
only one-third of the subjects will conform to the group's judgment on at least one critical trial.
less than 10 percent of the subjects will conform to the group's judgment on the critical trials.
roughly two-thirds (65 percent) of the subjects will conform to the group's judgment on at least one critical trial.

approximately three-quarters (76 percent) of the subjects will conform to the group's judgment on at least one critical trial.

The _____ states that emotions arise from the perception and interpretation of bodily changes.
James-Lange theory of emotion
two-factor theory of emotion
facial feedback hypothesis
cognitive-appraisal model of emotion

James-Lange theory of emotion

In trying to keep up with his college classes and his job at a hospital lab, Christian has been getting by on four or five hours of sleep per night for several nights. Which of the following is Christian likely to experience?

increased blood levels of the appetite-suppressing hormone leptin and reduced feelings of hunger
increased blood levels of the appetite-increasing hormone ghrelin and feelings of hunger
a decrease in his set-point weight, just as set-point theory predicts
symptoms of starvation and weight loss

increased blood levels of the appetite-increasing hormone ghrelin and feelings of hunger

Which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of Maslow's theory of motivation?

The concept of self-actualization is vague, and almost impossible to define in such a way that it could be empirically measured or tested.
Even though Maslow claimed that self-actualization is an inborn motivational goal, most people do not experience or achieve self-actualization.
Maslow placed too much emphasis on psychological motives, ignoring instincts, drives, and physiological needs.
The notion of self-actualization was derived from a limited sample that included only historical figures and Maslow's personal acquaintances.

Maslow placed too much emphasis on psychological motives, ignoring instincts, drives, and physiological needs.

In the late 1800s, the newly founded science of psychology initially embraced _____ theories to explain motivation.

instinct
drive
incentive
arousal

instinct

Jordan routinely eats an early lunch around 11:00 AM. Even if there's no clock in sight, Jordan can tell when it's almost 11:00 AM because he feels hungry and wants to eat. Which of the following explanations accounts for this?

Just as set-point theory would predict, Jordan has established an 11 AM set point for eating.
Jordan has become classically conditioned so that the time of the day, 11 AM, is a conditioned stimulus (CS) for him, triggering internal bodily changes that increase his desire to eat.
Negative energy balance and leptin resistance is occurring.
Positive energy balance and leptin resistance is occurring.

Jordan has become classically conditioned so that the time of the day, 11 AM, is a conditioned stimulus (CS) for him, triggering internal bodily changes that increase his desire to eat.

The desire to avoid boredom is to _____ theory as the desire to drink when thirsty is to _____ theory.

arousal; drive
drive; arousal
humanistic; incentive
incentive; humanistic

arousal; drive

Nate wonders how his friend Jim can wake up at 5:00 every morning to swim laps before school. When he asks about it, Jim replies that he simply wants to realize his highest personal potential in swimming. According to Maslow's theory of motivation, Jim is satisfying:

physiological needs.
safety needs.
belongingness and love needs.
the need for self-actualization.

the need for self-actualization.

The three basic characteristics commonly associated with motivation are:

self-fulfillment, self-actualization, and self-efficacy.
activation, persistence, and intensity.
autonomy, competence, and relatedness.
drive, incentive, and arousal.

activation, persistence, and intensity.

According to Abraham Maslow, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of self-actualized people?

They have an accurate perception of themselves, others, and external reality.
They refuse to conform to conventional rules and expectations, and tend to alienate those close to them.
They have a strong need for privacy and independence.
They appreciate the simple pleasures of life.

They refuse to conform to conventional rules and expectations, and tend to alienate those close to them.

It's more acceptable for women than men to cry in public in the United States. This is an example of:

emotional intelligence.
anthropomorphism.
the cultural phenomenon of amae.
a display rule.

a display rule

During which stage of development does formal operational thinking typically begin to emerge?

early adulthood
early adolescence
about ages 3 to 5
about ages 5 to 7

early adolescence

In Piaget's theory, when a child demonstrates conservation, he or she:

understands the importance of protecting environmental resources.
becomes aware of cultural differences.
recognizes that two equal quantities remain equal, even if the appearance of one is changed, as long as nothing is added or subtracted.
is limited by the inability to reverse mental operations and the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation.

recognizes that two equal quantities remain equal, even if the appearance of one is changed, as long as nothing is added or subtracted.

According to the activity theory of aging:

as people move from middle adulthood to older adulthood, they should greatly increase their level of activity.
older adults should gradually disengage from their social, vocational, and relationship roles and decrease their overall level of activity.
older adults should postpone retirement for as long as possible in order to maintain their physical health.
older adults will achieve the highest level of life satisfaction if they maintain their previous level of activity.

older adults will achieve the highest level of life satisfaction if they maintain their previous level of activity.

Sexual organs that are directly involved in reproduction, such as the uterus, ovaries, penis, and testicles, are called:
secondary sex characteristics.
secondary epigenetic characteristics.
primary sex characteristics.
primary epigenetic characteristics.

primary sex characteristics.

Which of the following was NOT listed in your textbook as a factor that can influence the timing of puberty?
environmental factors, such as quality of nutrition and health care
the absence of the biological father in the family home
body size and degree of physical activity
the absence of the biological mother in the family home

the absence of the biological mother in the family home

It was _____ who said, "Man is a wolf to man."

Carl Jung
Karen Horney
Alfred Adler
Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud

Humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers contended that the most basic human motive is:

aggression.
the pleasure principle.
the actualizing tendency.
striving for superiority over others.

the actualizing tendency.

According to Freud's theory, the Oedipus complex:

occurs during the oral stage of psychosexual development.
is the child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent.
first appears during the adolescent years, when sexual urges begin to surface.
is resolved through the defense mechanism of reaction formation.

is the child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent.

Freud believed that the Oedipus complex produces _____ in little boys and _____ in little girls.

penis envy; womb envy
castration anxiety; womb envy
womb envy; penis envy
castration anxiety; penis envy

castration anxiety; penis envy

Christina believes that learning experiences play a critical role in the development of personality, especially in the development of a person's goals and beliefs about one's abilities. Christina's beliefs reflect the _____ perspective of personality.

psychoanalytic
trait
social cognitive
humanistic

social cognitive

The term "Freudian slip" refers to:

an undergarment that was worn by fashionable upper-class women in Vienna in the early 1900s.
thinking and behaving in a way that is the extreme opposite of unacceptable urges or impulses.
a freely expressed pent-up emotion that emerges spontaneously during psychotherapy.
an unintentional mistake, accident, or misstatement that Freud interpreted as revealing unconscious wishes or motives.

an unintentional mistake, accident, or misstatement that Freud interpreted as revealing unconscious wishes or motives.