PSY 350 Final Exam

Purdue 2023 PSY350 Spring Semester

NOTES Prosecution of Alan Turing

1952: Prosecuted for homosexuality when he reported a burgulary and cops found he had been having a sexual relationship with a 19 year old man

NOTES Bowers v. Hardwick

1986 Supreme court case that criminilized oral and anal sex in private between consenting adults

NOTES Lawrence v. Texas

2003 Supreme court case that invalidated sodomy (oral or anal intercourse) law across the US which made same-sex activity legal in every state and US territory

NOTES Homosexuality was classified as a disorder in the DSM until _____.

1973

NOTES in 1994, ___ of males and ____ of females were having anal intercourse

10%, 9%

NOTES in 2015, ____of males and _____ of females were having anal intercourse

43%, 37%

NOTES In Kinsey’s findings, males had a _____age of first sex while females had a ______ age of first sex

higher, lower

NOTES __ - ____% of males reported sex before marriage

67-98%

NOTES ____% of females reported sex before marriage

50%

NOTES in 1994, however, only __% of women and ____% of men reported waiting until marriage before having sex for the first time.

5%, 2%

NOTES Gender dysphoria

* A disorder in which a person thinks that his/her gender identity, leading to personal distress
* May include attempts to deny own sex, pass as opposite sex, disgust at own sexual body parts
* Can be present in children and adults and may fade by adolescence, continue into adulthood and develop into a more settle sense of gender identity

NOTES Treatments for gender dysphoria

Affirmation at various levels: social (name/pronouns), legal, medical/biological (postop adjustment after gender confirmation surgery)

NOTES Gender dysphoria theorists hypotheses

Psychodynamic theorists: Attribute this to parent child relationship issues learning theorists: attribute it to socialization patterns and reinforcement

NOTES Paraphilias

Personal experiences frequent sexual urges involving objects, inappropriate or non-consenting partners, or humiliating or painful situations

NOTES Exhibitionism

Urges to expose oneself for the purpose of shocking or sexually arousing the victims

* Not interested in actual sexual contact by may masturbate during encounter
* Repsonse may boost low self-image

NOTES Fetishism

* Urges and fantasies surrounding inanimate objects, often clothing items
* May not be able to chieve arousal without item
* May be tied to associations with early sexual experiences or fantasies

NOTES Orgasmic reconditioning

Treatment in which the fetishist can become aroused by the object, but must have orgasm only when exposed to a “normal” stimulus

NOTES Partialism

Involves sexual arousal by certain body parts, such as feet

NOTES Voyeurism

Sexual urges to reach arousal by watching people who don’t know they’re being watched; possibility of being caught can enhance the excitement

NOTES Frotteurism

Sexual urges to briefly rub or touch non-consenting individuals in public places

NOTES Sexual sadism and masochism

* Sexual urges involving inflicting or receiving pain or humiiation
* May center on fantasy play, partners may switch roles
* Extreme examples might include sadistic rape or asphyxiation
* (Choking/aggression often glamorized in porn)

NOTES Pedophilic disorder

* Sexual urges and fantasies related to prepubescent children
* Must be at least 16 and interested in children at least 5 years younger than self
* Can be just observation, or extend to undressing, exhibitionism, fondling, oral/anal sex, vaginal intercourse

NOTES Situational molesters

Generally behave normally, but can act on powerful pedophilia urges during certain situations (high stress)

NOTE preference molesters

Pedophilia is deeply ingrained in their personality

NOTES Theorists on paraphilias

Learning theorists: attribute them to early learning and association, incorported into subsequent fantasies multifactorial approach: suggests abuse in childhood affects normal sexual development

NOTES treatment of paraphilias

* May not seek treatment (sometimes only comes if they are caught)
* Aversive conditioning methods may be used (covert sensitization which pairs fetishistic object with aversive stimuli)
* Some tx are administered based on treatments for OCD

NOTES Treating pedophilia

* Biologically-based treatments attempt to reduce urges via administration of hormones to lower sex drive or antiandrogrn drugs to lower testosterone levels
* Radical treatments involve castration and removal of a part of the hypothalamus (treats hyperactive sexual desire)

BOOK Gender identity

Psychological sense of being male or female

BOOK Transgender identity

Those who have a psychological sense of belonging to one gender while possessing the sexual organs of the other

BOOK Sexual dysfunctions

Persistent problems with sexual interest, arousal, or response

BOOK Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

Individuals have little, if anym desire for sexual activity or may lack several sexual or erotic thoughts or fantasies

BOOK Female sexual interest/arousal disorder

Individuals experience either a lack of or a greatly reduced level of sexual interest, drive, or arousal

BOOK Erectile disorder

Difficulty achieving an erection or maintaining an erection to the completion of sexual activity

BOOK Female orgasmic disorder/delayed ejaculation

Marked delay in reaching orgasm or ejaculation or an infrequency or absence of orgasm or ejaculation

BOOK premature (early) ejaculation

Involves a recurrent pattern of ejaculation occurring within about one minute of vagina penetration and before the man desires it

BOOK genito-pelvic pain//penetration disorder

Disorder that applies to women and is when they experience genital or pelvic pain during vaginal intercourse or attempts at penetration

BOOK vaginismus

A condition in which the muscles surrrounding the vagia involuntarily contract whenever vaginal penetration is attempted, making intercourse painful or impossible

BOOK Paraphilias

Unusual or atypical patterns of sexual attraction that involve sexual arousal

BOOK Transvestism

Individuals who have recurrent and powerful urges, fantasies, or or behaviors in which they become sexually aroused by cross dressing

BOOK Sexual masochism

Involves strong and recurrent sexual urges, fantasues, or behaviors in which a person becomes sexually aroused by being humiliated, bound, flogge, or made to suffer

BOOK Sadomasochism

Practice of mutually gratifying sexual interactions involving both sadistic and masochistic acts

NOTES What percent does schizophrenia affect the population and what gender does it affect more?

1%, men (earlier in life)

NOTES Prodromal phase

Decreasing social engagement (quiet phase)

NOTES Residual phase

More likely to be detached to social activity

NOTES Emil Kraepelin deemed this disorder __ and believed it arose out of a _____.

Dementia praecox, body-level problem (biological cause)

NOTES Eugen Bleuler believed schizophrenia meant “split brain” or …

A split between aspects of personality, not a split into different personalities

NOTES The four A’s are what and what do they mean?

Associations: not making normal associations between context and behavior affect: lack of emotional response, inappropriate ambivalence: not feeling connection to others autism: living in a conspiracy

NOTES Kurt Schneider tried to refine diagnostic criteria into first rank and second rank symptoms, what does these both mean?

First-rank symptoms: central to diagnosis, includes halucinations and delusions second-rank symptims: found in schizophrenia, and other disorders, disturbances in mood

NOTES DSM 5 definition - social/occupational dysfunction

Disrupting everyday life, a decline in function overall

NOTES DSM 5 definition - duration

Signs of disturbance persist for at least 6 months, this is attenuated or a milder form

NOTES Positive symptoms are __ and negative symptoms are __

Positive symptoms: presence of something abnormal (addition) and negative symptoms: absence of normal behavior (subtraction)

NOTES Delusions include what?

Persecution, reference, or being controlled, and grandeur

NOTES Delusions that may reflect certain cultures are …

Ireland: delusions of sainthood

Japan: slander ad public humiliation

Nigeria: witches or ancestral ghosts

Industrial societies: monitoring via technology

NOTES Thought disorder includes different characteristics such as …

Neologisms: made-up words perservationL repetition of words or syllables

Clanging: connection of words that rhyme (word salad)

Blocking: abruptly stopping speech

NOTES Hypervigilance

Too much attention to unimportant stimuli (high event-related potentials)

NOTES Eye movement dysfunction

Problems with jerky eye motion when tracking

NOTES Hallucinations include command hallucinations which are …

Voices that command to act, include Broca’s area in the brain showing elevated activity when hearing voices

NOTES Emotion disturbance may display an inappropriate emotional response and may manifest as ______.

Schizoaffective disorder: a hybrid classification with features of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

NOTES Theoretical perspective

Diathesis-stress model: biological vulnerability triggered by environmental stressors

NOTES Biological vulnerabilities

Strong genetic influence on likelihood of developing schizophrenia (adoptive children more likely to develop disorder)

NOTES What do genetic vulnerabilities affect?

Overactive dopamie recpetors, norepinephrine which subdues logical thought, GABA which lowers inhibition of inappropriate behavior

NOTES Brain abnormalities in schizophrenia include …

Enlarged ventricles during synaptic pruning, lower activity in prefrontal cortex, and difficulties in communication between cortex and limbic system

NOTES Environmental stressors include …

The role of illness: exposure to vuruses before birth, influenca and toxoplasmosis, communication deviance, high levels of expressed emotion from family

NOTES Familial factors

CD and EE may be symptoms of possible schizophrenic tendencies, may be a negative response to emerging schizophrenia

NOTES Role of culture is ___ severe in industrialized countires, ____ severe in others

More, less

NOTES Socioeconomic status can provide numerous _____, and also delay in diagnosis

Stressors

NOTES Biological treatments are *___* such as *____.*

Antipsychotic drugs, neuroleptics/phenothiazines

NOTES Neuroleptic phenothiazines info

* Work via blocking dopamine receptors
* Address positive symptoms
* Potential side efect of tardive dyskinesia

NOTES Learning therapies

Using selective reinforcement and token economies to increase appropriate behavior, cognitive behavioral training can help with some delusions

NOTES Milieu therapy

Humanists emphasize creation of adaptive social milieu where schizophrenics can develop a sense of self respect and individual responsibility

NOTES Family therapy may also be used to address ____.

Family communication problems

BOOK Prodromal phase (prodrome)

Period of gradual deterioration

BOOK Residual phase

Behavior returns to level of the prodromal phase

BOOK Thought disorder

Form or structure of thought processes is disturbed

BOOK Hallucinations

Sensory perceptions experienced in the absence of external stimulation

BOOK Dopamine hypothesis

Schizophrenia involves overactivity of dopamine transmission in the brain

BOOK Tardive dyskinesia

Frequent eye blinking, chewing and eye movements, lip smacking, facial grimacing, etc

BOOK Brief psychotic disorder

Psychotic disorder that lasts from a day to a month and is characterized by at least one of the following features: delusions, hallunicinations, disorganized speech, cataonic behavior (out of it)

BOOK Schizophreniform disorder

Cinsists of abnormal behaviors identicial to those in schizophrenia that have persisted for at least one month but less than 6 months

BOOK Delusional disorder

Applies to people who hold persistent, delusional beliefs, involving parnoid themes

BOOK Schizoaffective disorder

“Mixed bag” of symptoms because it includes psychotic behaviors associated with schizophrenia occurring at the same time as major mood disorder

NOTES Who was Cody Cousins?

* In 2014, he entered a classroom and murdered a TA
* Lawyers attempted to make a case for mental illness bu he undermined this at sentencing
* He recieved max sentence and committed suicide in prison

NOTES What are the 2 types of involuntary commitment?

Civil commitment: people deemed dangerous to themselves or others are taken into psychiatric care, usually driven by family legal commitment: taken into psychiatric care as a consequence of criminal acts

NOTES Civil commitment is increasingly used to detain ____ after their sentence is completed

Sex offenders

NOTES Civil commitment cases

Kansas v. Hendricks: ruled the act is not punitive if it fails to offer treatment for an untreatable clondition minnesota: one study found one of 700 civilly committed were released and only 8 released under supervision

NOTES Can we predict daner to self or others?

* Professionals cannot reliably predict this; however states persist in asking to do so
* Doctors tend to over predict the likelihood that people are dangerous

NOTES What are a few problems in predicting danger?

* Errin on side of caution
* General tendencies may not predict specific acts
* Danger could be limited to everyday recklessness as opposed to criminally dangerous
* Base rates are low that even increased likelihood will be pretty low
* Clients may disclose their plans even if they want them
* Being in a hospital may cause different behavior

NOTES Rouse v. Cameron case

Treat or release; established right to treatment under DC statutory law

Rouse spent >4 years in hospital on a crime that carried a max of 1 year (unauthorized possession of a firearm)

Petititioned saying lawyer had gone with insanity against his authorization

NOTES Wyatt v. Stickney case

Established right to treatment as a constitutional right; humane psychological and physical environments, qualified staff in numbers sufficient to administer adequate tx

* Hospital laid off employees, employees sued and added a patient (son of employee)
* They argued layoffs undermined care, judge declared right to tx or release and ordered state to comply

NOTES Rogers V. Okin case

Established right to refuse tx against one’s will; can be overridden in the case of emergency; applies when person is presumed competent to make decision

* Began as a federal class action suit in 1975 at Boston State hospital which challenged restraignts, seclusion, and involuntary tx

NOTES Sell v. United States

Established that a suspect could be medicated in order to be competent to stand trial only under certain circumstances: medicallu appropriate, substantially unlikely to have side effects, necessary to stand trial, important to significantly further important governmental interests in a narrow band of areas

* Sell had history of delusions and was charged with financial crimes, he thought his actions involved a government plot

NOTES Lessard v. Schmidt case

* First case to establish that there were limits on ability of states to involutarily commit people
* Lessard was committed after suicide attempt
* Court established standard of “dangerousness based upon finding of recent overt act”
* Court also established right to due process parallel to that for criminal suspects

NOTES O’Connor v. Donaldson case

* Donaldson’s father committed on the basis he was delusional
* Refused all tx, petitioned courts for release for 15 yrs
* SCOTUS said finding of mental illness can’t alone justify a state’s locking a person against his will

NOTES What does insanity defense mean?

The term insanity is a legal term more than a clinical term, not guilty by reason of insanity

NOTES Why does insanity lead to a verdict of not guilty?

Popluar “mis”understanding tends to be driven by high-profile cases

NOTES David Berkowitz

* “Son of Sam”
* Claimed delusions, found capable to stand trial, later admitted making up the delusions

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NOTES Kenneth Bianchi

* “Hillside strangler”
* Claimed MPD, found guilty
* Later admitted to making it up

NOTES Mark David Chapman

* Killed John Lennon
* Claimed to hear voice of God, delusions of grandeur, found guilty

NOTES John Hinckley

* Reagan assassin
* Did it to impress Jodie Foster, found DGRI
* Marked a turning point in usage of the verdict

NOTES Jeffery Dahmer

* Serial killer
* Tried to lobotomize victims to create zombie companions, dismembering for eating
* Found guilty