Exam 2
0.0(0)
Studied by 16 people
Learn
Practice Test
Spaced Repetition
Match
FlashcardsCard Sorting
1/243
Earn XP
Description and Tags
Study Analytics
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced |
|---|
No study sessions yet.
244 Terms
1
New cards
Decontamination
Physical and chemical control process
2
New cards
Highest resistance to antimicrobial control
Endospore producers (metabolically inactive)
3
New cards
Moderate resistance to antimicrobial control
\-Cysts (metabolically inactive)
\-Fungal sexual spores (inactive with thick cell walls)
\-Mycobacterium (bc of mycolic acid)
\-Fungal sexual spores (inactive with thick cell walls)
\-Mycobacterium (bc of mycolic acid)
4
New cards
Lowest resistance to antimicrobial control
\-Somatic cells
\-Asexual fungal spores (inactive but very thin cell walls)
\-Asexual fungal spores (inactive but very thin cell walls)
5
New cards
Sanitation
Reduction of microbial population by hand (wiping things down)
6
New cards
Disinfection
Sanitation but killing somatic cells of diseased organisms
7
New cards
Sterilization
\-Kills all cells, spores, viruses, etc
\-Nothing can grow
\-Nothing can grow
8
New cards
Antiseptic
Either killing or inhabiting microbes
9
New cards
\-static
Substance that inhibits prefix organisms growth
10
New cards
\-cide
Substance that kills prefix organism
11
New cards
Microbial death curve
\-Similar to population growth
\-Lag phase
\-Death phase
\-Stationary phase
\-Live phase
\-Lag phase
\-Death phase
\-Stationary phase
\-Live phase
12
New cards
Lag phase
No immediate decrease in cells (varies)
13
New cards
Death phase
Microbial death increases exponentially
14
New cards
Stationary phase
Number dying equal number alive
15
New cards
Live phase
Live microbes begin reproducing and population increases
16
New cards
Factors for control
\-Population size (larger population takes longer to kill)
\-Composition (spores, age, strain)
\-Concentration of antimicrobial agents
\-Duration of exposure
\-Local environment
\-Temperature
\-pH
\-Object being treated
\-Contours of an object
\-Composition (spores, age, strain)
\-Concentration of antimicrobial agents
\-Duration of exposure
\-Local environment
\-Temperature
\-pH
\-Object being treated
\-Contours of an object
17
New cards
General agents
Not very selective and will kill large numbers (heat, radiation)
18
New cards
Moderately selective agents
\-Death by cellular disruption
\-Usually hits a large specific group
\-Usually hits a large specific group
19
New cards
Selective agents
\-Disrupting specific cellular processes
\-Targets specific metabolic pathway/product
\-Hits very small number of microbes
\-Targets specific metabolic pathway/product
\-Hits very small number of microbes
20
New cards
Cell wall
Protects from osmotic lysis and gives shape
21
New cards
Blocking peptidoglycan synthesis
Can’t make cell wall
22
New cards
Weaken cell wall
\-Lysozyme and lysostaphin (enzymes) break peptidoglycan bonds
\-Primarily gram+ (no outer membrane)
\-Primarily gram+ (no outer membrane)
23
New cards
Disrupts cell walls
Puts holes in cell wall to create weaker areas and allow other substances to enter (soaps and alcohols)
24
New cards
Surfactants (soaps) target
\-Affect plasma membrane
\-Lowers surface tension which can open holes in membrane and allow for entry of microbial compounds and disruption of ion balance
\-Lowers surface tension which can open holes in membrane and allow for entry of microbial compounds and disruption of ion balance
25
New cards
Protein and nucleic acid synthesis affecting control of microorganisms
\-Stop translation
\-Bind to DNA to stop replication (can be mutagenic)
\-Bind to DNA to stop replication (can be mutagenic)
26
New cards
Protein shape affecting control of microorganisms
Altering shape denatures proteins
27
New cards
Thermal death time (TDT)
Time it takes to denature cellular proteins
28
New cards
Dry heat
Oven or incineration
29
New cards
Oven
\-High temp with a low moisture content
\-Lengthy
\-Lengthy
30
New cards
Incineration
Extremely high temperatures
31
New cards
Moist heat
Steam under pressure and boiling water
32
New cards
Steam under pressure
Sterilizes everything
33
New cards
Autoclave
Strong heated container for sterilization
34
New cards
Boiling water
\-Disinfectant
\-Endospores are resistant
\-Endospores are resistant
35
New cards
Pasteurization
\-Heat liquid below boiling temperature (disinfection)
\-Kills most vegetative cells
\-Kills most vegetative cells
36
New cards
Ultra cold
\-Inhibits microbe growth (few bacteria actually freeze to death)
\-Used to keep cultures for long periods of time
\-Used to keep cultures for long periods of time
37
New cards
Desiccation
\-Drying out (salt, dehydration, sugar)
\-Used for food preservation
\-Used for food preservation
38
New cards
Which bacteria are sensitive to desiccation?
Pneumococcus, spirochetes
39
New cards
Which bacteria are not sensitive to desiccation?
Endospores
40
New cards
UV radiation
\-Most common
\-Lethal but no penetration (creates thymine dimers)
\-Useful for large open surfaces
\-Lethal but no penetration (creates thymine dimers)
\-Useful for large open surfaces
41
New cards
Ionizing radiation
\-Lethal and penetrates
\-Cold sterilization
\-Used in food packaging
\-Cold sterilization
\-Used in food packaging
42
New cards
Cavitation
\-Formation of vapor bubbles using ultrasonics
\-Bubbles burst and stress cells
\-Good against gram- rods (thicker cell wall and different surface area)
\-Bubbles burst and stress cells
\-Good against gram- rods (thicker cell wall and different surface area)
43
New cards
Filtration
\-Pass a fluid/gas through a small membrane
\-Fluid passes but organisms don’t
\-Used in HEPA and depth filters
\-Fluid passes but organisms don’t
\-Used in HEPA and depth filters
44
New cards
Depth filters
\-Start large then decrease in size as it goes down
\-Used a lot in waste filtration plants
\-Used a lot in waste filtration plants
45
New cards
Centrifugation
\-Separates material into layers
\-Spins at high speed
\-Useful for smaller amounts
\-Spins at high speed
\-Useful for smaller amounts
46
New cards
Halogens
\-Oxidizes cell contents
\-H, O, N, Cl, Br, I, F
\-Cl and I are most commonly used
\-F and Br can also be used but usually too dangerous
\-H, O, N, Cl, Br, I, F
\-Cl and I are most commonly used
\-F and Br can also be used but usually too dangerous
47
New cards
Phenolics
Denatures proteins and disrupts cell membranes
48
New cards
Alcoholics
Denatures proteins and disrupts cell membranes by dissolving lipids
49
New cards
Detergents
\-Long hydrocarbon chain with polar group
\-Structurally similar to phospholipid
\-Disrupts cell membrane and denatures proteins
\-Structurally similar to phospholipid
\-Disrupts cell membrane and denatures proteins
50
New cards
Heavy metals
\-Disrupt cellular functions
\-Mercury, Arsenic, Gold, Silver
\-Form ions that complex with functional group
\-Denatures proteins
\-Mercury, Arsenic, Gold, Silver
\-Form ions that complex with functional group
\-Denatures proteins
51
New cards
Aldehydes
\-Strong reducer (CHO functional group)
\-Commonly used preserver in the past
\-Crosslinks proteins
\-Glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde
\-Commonly used preserver in the past
\-Crosslinks proteins
\-Glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde
52
New cards
Ethylene oxide
\-Gas that penetrates through everything (including plastic)
\-Combines with proteins and guanine
\-Very strong but also effective for sterilization
\-Combines with proteins and guanine
\-Very strong but also effective for sterilization
53
New cards
Phenol coefficient
\-Evaluates effectiveness of antimicrobial agents
\-Compares disinfectants to phenol to see how effective they are
\- >1 = more effective
\-
\-Compares disinfectants to phenol to see how effective they are
\- >1 = more effective
\-
54
New cards
Viruses
\-Not alive (no endomembrane or cell structure)
\-Parasitic nucleic acids
\-Small
\-Constructed around nucleocapsid core
\-Parasitic nucleic acids
\-Small
\-Constructed around nucleocapsid core
55
New cards
Capsid
\-Protein cover formed from small identical subunits of single protein
\-2 shapes - helical and icosahedral
\-Stored information
\-2 shapes - helical and icosahedral
\-Stored information
56
New cards
Envelope
\-Cover capsid
\-Most animal bacterias have it (12 of 17)
\-Some proteins may extend beyond envelope
\-Most animal bacterias have it (12 of 17)
\-Some proteins may extend beyond envelope
57
New cards
What do proteins in a viral envelope do?
\-Aid in entry or recognition
\-Created from human cells
\-Spike proteins
\-Specificity (aids)
\-Created from human cells
\-Spike proteins
\-Specificity (aids)
58
New cards
Central core components
Nucleic acids and proteins
59
New cards
Nucleocapsid
\-Protein cover that protects nucleic acid
\-Either RNA or DNA but never both
\-Either RNA or DNA but never both
60
New cards
What are the two complex viruses
Poxviruses, bacteriophages
61
New cards
Poxviruses
Have layers of lipoproteins and fibers around nucleic acid core
62
New cards
Bacteriophages
\-Nucleocapsid head on hollow helical tail
\-Has tail fibers for attachment (inserts genetic material into host cell)
\-Has tail fibers for attachment (inserts genetic material into host cell)
63
New cards
Nucleic acid
\-Contain a single type (RNA or DNA)
\-Some virus’ contain single-stranded DNA or double-stranded RNA
\-Has tail fibers for attachment
\-Contain only a few genes
\-Some virus’ contain single-stranded DNA or double-stranded RNA
\-Has tail fibers for attachment
\-Contain only a few genes
64
New cards
Virus replication steps
\-Only occurs in host cells
1. Adsorption
2. Penetration
3. Replication
4. Maturation
5. Release
1. Adsorption
2. Penetration
3. Replication
4. Maturation
5. Release
65
New cards
Adsorption
Virus attaches to host
66
New cards
Penetration
\-Entering into host cell
\-Undeveloped - only nucleic acids enter host after absorption
\-Simple or complex envelope
\-Undeveloped - only nucleic acids enter host after absorption
\-Simple or complex envelope
67
New cards
Simple envelope
\-Opens up and brings in a nucleocapsid core
\-Envelope remains on outside of cell as a marker
\-Nucleocapsid enters cell
\-Envelope remains on outside of cell as a marker
\-Nucleocapsid enters cell
68
New cards
Complex envelope
Enters cell through endocytosis then virus wall joins host membrane
69
New cards
Replication
Viral genome expressed to make viral components
70
New cards
Release
Virus leaves host cell
71
New cards
Maturation
Viral genome expressed to make viral components
72
New cards
Release
Virus leaves host cell
73
New cards
Lytic (lysis) cycle
\-Viral genome takes over directly
\-Blocks host genome
\-Blocks host genome
74
New cards
How does the lytic cycle block host genome?
\-Proteins seal any punctures in host cells
\-Replication enzymes made to copy viral genome
\-Capsid proteins translated (can have tail fibers)
\-Lysing enzymes made
\-Replication enzymes made to copy viral genome
\-Capsid proteins translated (can have tail fibers)
\-Lysing enzymes made
75
New cards
Eclipse
Cell infected but no virus detected yet
76
New cards
Lysogenic cycle
\-Dormant viruses
\-Prophage stage
\-Lysogeny
\-Bacteria becomes active
\-Virus replicates
\-Transduction
\-Prophage stage
\-Lysogeny
\-Bacteria becomes active
\-Virus replicates
\-Transduction
77
New cards
Prophage stage
Once virus genome inside host genome is inserted
78
New cards
Lysogeny
Viral genome copied and spread with host genome
79
New cards
Transduction
Movement of host genes through virus
80
New cards
Cytopathic effects (CPE)
Any viral induced damage to host cell
81
New cards
Persistent infection
Cells that aren’t destroyed by viruses
82
New cards
Viroids
\-Naked RNA
\-250-370 nucleotides
\-Found in nucleus
\-250-370 nucleotides
\-Found in nucleus
83
New cards
Prions
\-Proteinaceous infectious particles
\-Found mostly in brain (infect CNS)
\-Shrinks brain
\-Found mostly in brain (infect CNS)
\-Shrinks brain
84
New cards
Three shared characteristics of fungi
1. Repro by spores
2. Thallus (plant body) usually thread-like
3. Nutrition via absorption
85
New cards
Mycology
Study of fungi
86
New cards
Mycotoxicology
Study of fungal toxins
87
New cards
Mycosis
Disease caused by a fungus
88
New cards
Saprophytic
Obtaining food by absorbing dissolved organic material
89
New cards
Predators
Primarily on plants but some on animals
90
New cards
Fungi is used for
1. Food
2. Fermentation
3. Industry
4. Research
91
New cards
Thallus
Vegetative body
92
New cards
Hypha
Individual threads of thallus
93
New cards
Septate
Cell divided by septa
94
New cards
Coenocyte
Multinucleate cell
95
New cards
Mycelium
Many hyphae together
96
New cards
Chitin
\-Composes cell walls
\-Contains N-acetylglucosamide
\-Contains N-acetylglucosamide
97
New cards
Dimorphic
2 shapes - inside host (yeast) and outside host (mycelium)
98
New cards
YM shift
\-Change in shape from yeast to mycelium based on temperature
\-Yeast - high temp
\-Mycelium - low temp
\-Yeast - high temp
\-Mycelium - low temp
99
New cards
Asexual fungal reproduction
\-Cell division
\-Budding (yeast)
\-Creates spores
\-Budding (yeast)
\-Creates spores
100
New cards
Chlamydospores
Thick walled spores