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motivation & emotions
motivation
Factors that activate, direct, and sustain goal-directed behavior.
Motives
Needs or wants that drive goal-directed behavior.
instinctive behaviors
Genetically programmed, innate patterns of response that are specific to members of a particular species.
Instinct theory
The belief that behavior is motivated by instinct.
drive theory
The belief that behavior is motivated by drives that arise from biological needs that demand satisfaction.
need
A state of deprivation or deficiency.
drive reduction
Satisfaction of a drive.
primary drives
Innate drives, such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire, that arise from basic biological needs.
secondary drives
Drives that are learned or acquired through experience, such as the drive to achieve monetary wealth.
stimulus motives
Internal states that prompt inquisitive, stimulation-seeking, and exploratory behavior.
arousal theory
The belief that whenever the level of stimulation dips below an organism’s optimal level, the organism seeks ways of increasing it.
incentive theory
The belief that our attraction to particular goals or objects motivates much of our behavior.
Incentives
Rewards or other stimuli that motivate us to act.
incentive value
The strength of the “pull” of a goal or reward.
psychosocial needs
Needs that reflect interpersonal aspects of motivation, such as the need for friendship or achievement.
need for achievement
The need to excel in one’s endeavors.
Extrinsic motivation
Motivation reflecting a desire for external rewards, such as wealth or the respect of others.
Intrinsic motivation
Motivation reflecting a desire for internal gratification, such as the self-satisfaction derived from accomplishing a particular goal.
achievement motivation
The motive or desire to achieve success.
hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s concept that there is an order to human needs, which starts with basic biological needs and progresses to self-actualization.
lateral hypothalamus
A part of the hypothalamus involved in initiating, or “turning on,” eating.
ventromedial hypothalamus
A part of the hypothalamus involved in regulating feelings of satiety.
set point theory
The belief that brain mechanisms regulate body weight around a genetically predetermined “set point.“
gender identity
The psychological sense of maleness or femaleness.
sexual orientation
The directionality of one’s erotic interests.
transgender
Having a gender identity that differs from the anatomical or chromosomal sex.
gender roles
The cultural expectations imposed on men and women to behave in ways deemed appropriate for their gender.
sexual response cycle
The term Masters and Johnson used to refer to the characteristic stages of physiological responses in the body to sexual stimulation.
vasocongestion
Swelling of tissues with blood, a process that accounts for penile erection and vaginal lubrication during sexual arousal.
sexual dysfunctions
Persistent or recurrent problems with sexual interest, arousal, or response.
performance anxiety
Anxiety experienced in performance situations stemming from a fear of negative evaluation of one’s ability to perform.
Emotions
Feeling states that psychologists view as having physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components.
display rules
Cultural customs and norms that govern the display of emotional expressions.
facial-feedback hypothesis
The belief that mimicking facial movements associated with a particular emotion will produce the corresponding emotional state.
Duchenne smile
A genuine smile that involves contraction of a particular set of facial muscles.
James–Lange theory
The belief that emotions occur after people become aware of their physiological responses to the triggering stimuli.
Cannon-Bard theory
The belief that emotional and physiological reactions to triggering stimuli occur almost simultaneously.
two-factor model
The theory that emotions involve two factors: a state of general arousal and a cognitive interpretation (or labeling) of the causes of the arousal.
dual-pathway model of fear
LeDoux’s theory that the brain uses two pathways (a “high road” and a “low road”) to process fear messages.
emotional intelligence
The ability to recognize emotions in yourself and others and to manage your own emotions effectively.
Which theory claims we are motivated by biological needs that demand satisfaction, such as the need for food and water?
Drive theory
Which theory claims our attraction to particular goals or objects motivates much of our behavior?
Incentive theory
Shonda has joined the track team because she loves running. She finds it relaxing and exhilarating all at the same time and really doesn’t think much about whether she’ll earn a top spot in a competition. What type of motivation does Shonda display in this example?
Intrinsic motivation
Which theory claims we are motivated to meet our basic physiological needs before moving to higher-order needs?
Hierarchy of needs
Which part of the body detects decreases in blood sugar levels and depletion of fat from fat cells?
Hypothalamus
Which statement best describes set point theory?
The brain regulates body weight around a genetically predetermined level.
Genetics and irregularities in serotonin are examples of what type of factor implicated in eating disorders?
Biological factors
What are the phases of the sexual response cycle, as identified by Masters and Johnson?
Excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
Which term refers to the swelling of tissues with blood that accounts for penile erection and vaginal lubrication?
Vasocongestion
What is a likely cause of performance anxiety relating to sexual dysfunctions?
Psychosocial factors, such as fear of negative evaluations
Emotions are expressed more openly in Mexican culture than in Chinese and other East Asian cultures. This difference is an example of which term?
Display rules
According to Martin Seligman, what are three kinds of human happiness?
Pleasure of doing things, gratification, and meaning
What is the role of the amygdala in terms of emotional responses?
It evaluates threat potential and triggers fear responses to threatening objects or stimuli.
According to which theory does one route lead from the thalamus to the amygdala to produce the initial fear response while a second pathway leads to the cortex, which further processes the fear stimulus and produces the conscious awareness of fear?
Dual-pathway model
What term describes the ability to recognize and manage emotions?
Emotional intelligence
Paulo has started a new internship, and the company provides badges to staff who complete workshops on their own time. He signed up for several workshops taking place in the evening and on weekends to earn these badges, even though they don’t sound very fun. Which term best describes the influence on Paulo’s behavior?
Extrinsic motivation
The achievement goal approach to understanding motivation in individuals emphasizes
how the achievement goals adopted by individuals are related to their intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.
If you are attending college because you enjoy learning and want to become a more well-rounded individual, which term describe the source of your motivation?
Intrinsic
The factors that activate, direct, and sustain goal-directed behavior is/are
motivation.
Palani has not eaten all day and is now very hungry, so she made a sandwich and ate it. Which of the following best represents the drive that arose from an unmet need?
Being hungry
Franco has been trying to eat a healthy diet, and while challenging, he feels less affected by habits and cravings, and that he now maintains a steady internal balance, and equilibrium. This steady internal balance is referred to as
homeostasis.
Which of the following is the belief that behavior is motivated by a state of bodily tension that arise from biological needs that demand satisfaction?
Drive theory
Julius wants to go to college so that he can get a high-paying job when he graduates. He feels this will allow him to travel, buy a house, and give him the freedom to do what he wants. Which of the following is motivating Julius?
Secondary drives
Which of the following indicates that whenever the level of stimulation is not at an optimal level, the organism seeks ways of readjusting it in order to achieve homeostasis?
Arousal theory
Aviva offered to play a game with her son after homework was done, if they had time. What did Aviva use to motivate her son to do his work promptly?
Incentive
Zereth has always been a little shy and she does not know anyone in her dorm. In order to meet people on campus, she found a club to join so that she can meet new people. Which kind of need does this social club fill for Zereth?
Psychosocial
This weekend, Ali plans to repaint his garage. While it makes no difference to anyone but him, he is excited about how nice the garage will look when he is done. Ali is driven by
intrinsic motivation.
Elmo has never skied before, so when a group of friends asked him to join them on a ski trip, he quickly offered an excuse not to go. In reality, he had no other plans, but he didn't want to be embarrassed by his inability to ski. What motivated Elmo to refuse to join his friends on the ski trip?
Avoidance motivation
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, after a person's basic physiological needs are met, what do they seek to achieve?
Safety
Maslow also proposed other needs, including the need to connect with something beyond the self, and help others realize their own potential. This is referred to as
self-transcendence.
Which part of the brain is responsible for stimulating appetite and eating behavior?
Lateral hypothalamus
No matter how hard he tries, every time Manoj loses a few pounds they seem to come right back. Which of the following best explains why?
Set point theory
Ahmed has been concentrating hard on completing his research paper, and has lost all track of time. Suddenly he realizes he is hungry, and wraps of his work so he can go to the cafeteria and eat. Cues for hunger are generated because of _____.
low blood sugar levels
How does the body monitor when we’ve had enough to eat?
By assessing levels of leptin
After enjoying a big meal with her family, Petra immediately feels very full. Why does Petra's body experience this feeling even though nutrients have not yet made their way to waiting cells?
Satiety
Kami has an unusually low body weight and is very afraid of gaining weight. Even with her low body weight, she considers herself to be obese. Kami may be at risk of developing which of the following?
Anorexia nervosa
Which of the following terms characterizes a pattern of cycles of binge eating and purging?
Bulimia nervosa
Aviva recently broke up with her significant other. Since the breakup, she spends most of her time at home, eating cartons of ice cream and bags of potato chips in one sitting, and watching hours and hours of television. She knows her eating is out of control, and she has gained weight, which makes her feel worse. To try and make herself feel better, she is eating even more junk food. Which of the following is Aviva suffering from?
Binge eating
Which of the following indicates our sense of maleness or femaleness?
Gender identity
Which of the following refers to our sense of maleness or femaleness?
sexual orientation.
Which of the following are the patterns of change that occur when the body responds to sexual stimulation?
Sexual response cycle
During which phase of the sexual response cycle does vasocongestion of the genital tissue occur, and heart rate, muscle tension, and blood pressure begin to increase?
Excitement
Which of the following terms applies to feelings states that include arousal, cognition, and expressed behaviors?
Emotions
When Kaia feels down, she makes a point to try and smile at small things. She believes this will help her feel happier and eliminate her negative thoughts. Which concept does this represent?
Facial-feedback hypothesis
According to the James-Lange theory, why do some emotions feel different than others?
Each emotion has a distinct bodily change associated with it.
Which theory of emotion holds that when we experience an emotion, we look for cues in the environment to explain it?
Two-factor model
When Marah gets upset, she does deep breathing exercises to calm herself. This allows her to handle her emotions and bounce back quickly. Which aspect of emotional intelligence does Marah use?
Managing emotions
What is the ability to perceive emotions in others called?
Empathy
Tariq has many activities that engage him and that he can be fully absorbed in, such as going to the gym, or spending time with friends. These particular activities make him happy. What do these elements provide that contribute to Tariq's happiness?
Gratification
Which theorists supported instinct theory?
Sigmund Freud and William James
Which of these terms refers to the tendency of the body to maintain a steady internal state?
Homeostasis
In the context of need for achievement, intrinsic motivation reflects a desire for which of the following?
Self-satisfaction
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, people are motivated to meet which need before any other type?
Physiological needs
Which of the following is a limitation of Maslow's hierarchy of needs model?
People's needs may not be ordered in as fixed a manner as Maslow's hierarchy suggests.
Which part of the brain is involved in initiating, or "turning on," the desire to eat?
Lateral hypothalamus
Which of the following is a function of ventromedial hypothalamus?
Terminating hunger
Which of the following states that when we gain or lose weight, the brain adjusts the basal metabolic rate to keep our weight around a predetermined level?
Set point theory
Which of the following factors is characteristic of Anorexia nervosa?
An intense fear of gaining weight
Bulimia nervosa is characterized by which of the following?
A repetitive pattern of binge eating followed by purging
Which of the following describes the sense of maleness or femaleness?
Gender identity
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