BSCI160 Final

Shapiro

cognates

words derived from the same common ancestor

evolution

change in the genetic composition of a population over time

evolutionary theory

our understanding of how evolutionary change occurs and what evolutionary changes have occurred in the past

patterns in nature

organisms seem to fit their environments , groups nested within groups,

Carl Linnaeus

The father of taxonomy who classified organisms in groups within groups

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

clear theory of evolution - old idea of inheritance

major steps in understanding evolution

species change, species are related by shared ancestry, wild populations can evolve by natural selection, populations can evolve by natural selection, mechanism of inheritance, synthesis of evolution and genetics

Georges Cuvier

father of paleontology who was convinced of extinction

Charles Lyell

all of Earth's geological features can be explained by processes that still occur today (wind, water, earthquakes)

descent with modification

all life must be descended from a common ancestor

conditions of natural selection

phenotypic variation, that affects survivals or reproduction, is inherited

Darwin and Wallace theory

came up with natural selection and warning coloration/biogeography

adaption

natural selection leads to adaption but not all useful features are actually of use

major lines of evidence

extinction, transitional forms, direct observation

law of succession

fossils in a location closely resemble living species in that location - extinct and fossil relations

direct observation of evolution

drug resistance in bacteria, pesticide and herbicide resistance in agricultural pests, herbivore change following plant introductions, artificial selection

biogeography

related species on neighboring islands

homology

similarity resulting from shared ancestry

convergent evolution

Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

Bt corn

a GMO that as been subject to pest evolution and the effectiveness decreased

fundamental insights to natural selection

variation, heritable variation, struggle, differential reproduction based on heritable variation

evolution of finch beaks

evolved longer beaks after drought

heritability

proportion of trait variation in a population accounted for by genetic variation in the population0 = trait variation in population entirely determed by environmental variation1 = trait variation in population entirely determined by genetic variation

artificial selection

selection effected by humans

4 processes that lead to evolution

mutation, natural selection, migration, genetic drift

common natural selection confusions

evolutionary changes occur within populations, not goal directed, animals do not do things for the good of the species, not all traits are adaptive

ecology

interactions of organisms with each other and with their environment (biotic and abiotic environment)

why is ecology important

determines where species are found, context for evolution, mangement of resources, evaluation of human impacts

organismal ecology

individual interactions with environment

population ecology

factors regulating population growth rates and population size

community ecology

interactions among different species in an area

ecosystem ecology

interactions between communities and their enviornments

why is average annual temperature higher close to the equator

the angle of incidence hits the equator at a 90 degrees which makes it the most concentrated area of energy

global air circulation

laditudinal gradient in solar input results in latitudinal movement of air, earths rotation from west to easts adds to circulation

Hadley cells

a large-scale atmospheric convection cell in which air rises at the equator and sinks at medium latitudes, typically about 30° north or south.

Coriolis effect

Rotation of Earth fastest at equator - wind goes to the right in the northern hemisphere, left in the southern hemisphere

why does land change temperatures faster than water

water has a high specific heat, and land has a lower specific heat

why is warmer in the summer and colder in the winter

Because when the earth tilts towards the sun in the summer based on its revolution (days longer in the summer)

5 major circules of latitude

equator, arctic circle, antarctic circle, topic of cancer, tropic of capricorn

topography - rain shadows

wind picks up moisure and waters the west edge but leaves the leeward side as a desert

key factors in a terrestrial ecosystem

temperature and precipitation

when is growing season

temp \> 0precipitation \> temp

biomes

major life zones characterized by vegetation type or physical environment

key factors freshwater ecosystems

water depth and rate of water movement

population

group of individuals of single species living in same general area

(N)

total number of individuals in the population

mark recapture measure

capture, mark, return, allow to mix, recapture, examine

how to estimate N

c/N=r/n

density

(N/area or volume)

dispersion

pattern of spacing among individuals

population dynamics

change in N over time

B/t

total births per unit time

D/t

total deaths per unit time

N/t=(B-d)/t

change in N per unit time

per capital birth rate

b=(B/N)/t

per capital death rate

d=(D/N)/t

per capita growth rate

r=b-d

life history

major events in the life cycle of a species that affect survival

life table

age-specific summary of survival and reproduction patterns in a population

multiplicative growth

Nt=N(1+r)^t

rmax

maximum per capita growth rate

r

per capita growth rate

density independence

r does not depend on number of individuals in population

density dependance

growth rate depends on N

carrying capacity

max individuals in a population that can be supported in a particular habitat over a sustained period of time

human population

8 billion

average human doubling time

50 years

average time to add a billion people

10 years

human population growth consequences

habitat loss, global environmental change, depletion of living resources, pollution, species extinction, decreased living standards, political instability

population momentum

population will keep increasing because of the large number of females already born

industrialization on human poulation

increased living conditions, decreased births and deaths, but death precedes decrease in births

demographic transition model

A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.

ecological footprint

land and water area needed to produce resources and absorb waste

how to slow population growth

reproductive choice, educational opportunity for all, gender equality

epidemic

sudden increase in number of diseased individuals (frequent fluctuations)

endemic disease

a disease that is present in a population at a relatively consistent level for a long time

disease coefficient depends on

number of host contacts, and probability of transmission

R0

average number of new infections caused by a single infected host in a susceptible population

when is a disease increasing/decreasing

R0 \> 1, the epidemic (or population) is increasing-R0 = 1, the epidemic (or population) is stable disease has become endemic-R0 < 1, the epidemic (or population) is decreasing

competition

-,-

consumption

+,-

mutualism

+,+

commensalism

+,0

ammensalism

-,0

competition

mutually negative interaction between individuals resulting from resource limitation

intraspecific competition

among individuals within a species, density dependant

interspecific competition

among individuals of different species

niche

an n-dimensional description of potential resources and tolerable conditions for a species

fundamental niche

niche a species could potentially occupy

realized niche

niche a species actually does occupy

interspecific competition can

exclude a species from a part of its niche or reduce the abundance or fitness of individuals

outcomes of interspecific competition

competitive exclusion, coexistence

competitive exclusion

if same niches and competition are asymmetric, one species will go extinct

coexistence

if each species reduces its own r more than the r of other species

prey adaptions

advertising toxins or venom

types of aposematic coloration

batesian mimicry or mullerian mimicry

batesian mimicry

harmless species mimic harmful species

mullerian mimicry

harmful species evolve to resemble each other

evolutionary arms race

predator prey interactions lead to adaptions

parasites

An organism that lives in or on another organism, deriving nourishment at the expense of its host, usually without killing it