bio final

The 3 major differences between arteries and veins are...?

-Arteries carry blood away from the heart and and veins carry blood towards the heart
- Arteries have thick walls with muscle tissue, veins have thinner walls and use valves
- arteries carry oxygenated blood and veins carry deoxygenated blood.

What blood vessels provide oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the surrounding tissues

Capillaries

Which of the following cardiovascular diseases is caused by a narrowing of the arteries causing the heart
to work harder when pumping?

Coronary heart disease

What would cause you to believe that someone has a heart murmur?

Chest pain
irregular heartbeat
dizziness

The vessels in our circulatory system that allow molecules to diffuse across to tissues are

Capillaries

Contained in the spongy bone, produces all 3 blood cells, B cells live here

red bone marrow

Found behind the stomach on the left side, filters blood and destroys invaders, also regulates blood
pressure

Spleen

Hypersensitive to substances such as pollen, food, and animal hair.

Allergens

Tiny structures found throughout the body, made up of connective tissues and white blood cells, filter
lymph and remove invaders and debris

Lymph Nodes

Which kind of white blood cell is involved in the production of antibodies?

B cells

Y-shaped protein that is produced by B-cells and tag invaders so they can be destroyed

Antibody

Excess tissue fluid that is filtered and returned to the blood stream is called

Lymph fluid

Circular and longitudinal muscle contractions that move food through the digestive system

Peristalsis

What organ produces bile, stores sugar as glycogen, destroys old red blood cells and handles toxins?

Liver

Enzyme that breaks down maltose into glucose

Maltase

First part of the small intestine, all major food groups are digested here

duodenum

Folds in the stomach that help grind up the food forming chyme

rugae

In which organ does most of the absorption of vitamins and minerals occur

Small intestine

What are proteins first digested into

smaller polypeptides

The enzyme that is responsible for digesting Proteins, made in the pancreas

Protease

Large intestine function

-absorb water and salts from the material that has not been digested as food
- get rid of waste products

Function of the pancreas

-creates natural juices called pancreatic enzymes to break down foods
-Produces insulin
-Insulin controls how much sugar, or glucose, is taken up by your body's cells

What are carbohydrates, like starch, broken down into initially

Glucose

How are ulcers formed

when the thick protective mucus lining of the stomach is reduced.

Where do ulcers form

Stomach

Scientific name of the part of the respiratory system that contains the vocal cords, produces sound

Larynx

Contains C-shaped rings of cartilage, that keep it from collapsing. Passageway of air that filters, warms
and moistens the air

Trachea

The chemoreceptors for breathing detect levels of?

Carbon dioxide

Tiny air sacs that make up the lungs

bronchioles

Carries urine from the bladder to the outside, longer in males than females.

urethra

A second chance at filtration removes waste and drugs, occurs at the distal tubule

glomerular filtration.

The step that takes place in the occurs at the glomerulus and bowman's capsule, where blood pressure
forces everything out of the blood into the forming filtrate

Renal ultrafiltration

Moving glucose, amino acids, water, and salt back into the bloodstream from the nephron

Tubular reabsorption

Part of the brain responsible for the primary control of homeostasis, heart rate, and breathing. Also
produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that control many glands

Hypothalamus

Are responsible for carrying messages from the spinal cord to the muscle or glands

neurons

Chemical messages that either inhibit or stimulate the next neuron, ex. acetylcholine, dopamine,
epinephrine

Neurotransmitters

It controls fine motor skills, balance, and
posture.

Cerebellum

Dilating the pupils, relaxing the muscles, promoting digestion of food and slowing heart rate are
functions of which autonomic nervous system?

Sympathetic nervous system

Which lobe of the cerebrum is concerned with sight or visual area?

occipital lobe

When the message enters the spinal cord and immediately leaves to cause a reaction in the muscles or glands

Reflex

In a neuron where the message is converted from electrical to chemical, the release of neurotransmitters occurs here

synapse

What does the amygdala do for us?

processing fearful and threatening stimuli

at the top of the brain stem and contains the vital centers for breathing, blood pressure & heartbeat

medulla oblongata

Colored ring, made up of smooth muscles that respond to the amount of light. Dilate in dim light and constrict in bright light

Iris

What is the name of the layer filled with pigments and blood vessels and prevent slight rays from scattering.

Choroid

The outer part of the ear, collects sound waves and helps us detect the direction of the sound.

Pinna

Bone destroying/absorbing cells, work more when older bones become brittle

Osteoclasts

Made up of dense connective tissue that hold muscle to bone

Tendons

The bones that make up the toes and fingers are called

phalanges

Inflammation of the joints becomes thickened, destroying of the synovial membranes is called?

synovitis or arthritis

Bone-forming cells, lay down new bone tissue in concentric rings are called?

osteoblasts

Lines or closed spaces where the bones are joined in the skull, usually by age 2

sutures

When the bones become brittle because more bone tissue is destroyed than laid down is a disorder called?

Osteoporosis

When some of the muscle fibers randomly contract is called, help you maintain muscle shape and keep the body from collapsing

Fasciculation/ Muscle Twitch

Hormone sensitive to light, controls wake/sleep cycle, may help control puberty and sex drives

Melatonin

Released from posterior pituitary, conserves water and increases blood pressure

Vasopressin/ Antidiuretic

Hormone released in response to immediate stress, increase heart rate, breathing, blood glucose, another name for adrenaline, fight or flight

Epinephrine/Adrenaline

which hormone is going to help your bones release calcium

Parathyroid hormone\`

These chemicals are secreted through air and water for chemical communication between animals.

Pheromones

Hormone that promotes the production and maturation of white blood cells

Thymosin

Enlarged thyroid due to either an underactive or overactive thyroid gland

Thyroiditis

Increases metabolic rates, regulates growth and development

Thyroxin

Raises blood glucose by stimulating the breakdown of sugar in the liver

Glucagon

Long term tress hormone, raises blood glucose and metabolizes fat

Cortisol

Hormone that maintains the lining of the uterus, breast development and is more prominent in the second half, day 14-29 of the woman's cycle

Progesterone

The first milk made by the mother, is rich in proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and proteins (antibodies) that fight disease-causing agents

Colostrum

In the male reproductive system, secretes alkaline solution to neutralize acid in the female and make the sperm more motile

Prostate Gland

If ejaculation occurs the sperm travel from the epididymis to the urethra in this tiny pair of tubes called?

Vas Deferens

Gland in the male that secretes nourishing fructose solution for the sperm

seminal vesicles

Name for the lining of the Uterus, thickens and sheds monthly, site of implantation and formation of the placenta

Endometrium

Stage of fetal development, when the embryo is a fluid-filled ball of cells

blastocyst

Bag-like structure that stores waste material in a chicken or reptile egg.

allantois

Germ layer that gives rise to the muscles, bones, reproductive and digestive organs

mesoderm

Overpopulation, Struggle to survive, Accumulation and inheritance of favorable traits, and Survival of the fittest (or fitness \= reproduction) are traits of

Natural Selection

What are the biochemical evidences that support the theory of common descent?

DNA, RNA, amino acids, and the lipid bilayer, give support to the theory of common descent.

Charles Darwin based his conclusions of natural selection on..

Finches

Homologous structures are defined as...

similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions.

What was Charles Darwin's purpose during his journey aboard the H.M.S. Beagle?

To figure out evolution

Correct taxonomic order

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Domain ? Include members that are both unicellular and multicellular, have a membrane around the nucleus and has a
variety of organelles, some have cell walls and some motile.

Eukarya

Which kingdom of multicellular, photosynthetic organisms with cell walls made up of cellulose in the Domain Eukarya?

Plantae

Kingdom in Domain Eukarya that form spores and have cell walls containing chitin are classified as

Fungi

When comparing archaea with bacteria what is the same and different?

-archaea do not have interior membranes
-but both have a cell wall and use flagella to swim

Know the characteristics used to classify an organism as a member of Domain Bacteria?

-Unicellular
-No nuclear envelope

The archaea which are found living in extremely hot, acidic environments such as hot springs, geysers, thermal vents and around volcanoes are known as

thermophiles

Rhizopus, Black Bread Mold belong in Phylum?

Zygomycota

The ? is a cluster of filaments that are usually found underground and makes up the body of a fungus.

mycelium

Puffballs, Mushrooms, Shelf fungi belong in Phylum?

Basidiomycota

Fungi that produce spores sexually in a sac, most asexually by conidia belong in phylum

Ascomycota

Yeast, Peziza, morels belong in Phylum?

Ascomycota

Aerial hyphae that produce spores asexually, like Penicillin are called:

conidia

Individual long slender filaments that are the fungus itself, they secrete enzymes to carryout digestion are called

hyphae

Fungus roots Mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a roots of a tree, vital for survival of both the tree and fungus

mycorrhiza

Ferns are ? dominant and produce their spores in Sori

Sporophytic

Which Phylum contains members that are evergreen, needle or scale-like leaves, produce gametophyte in cones, seed
producing and are vascular.

Conifers (Coniferophyta)

Mnium, carpet moss and feather moss belong in Phylum:

Bryophyta

produces the swimming sperm in the moss and ferns

antheridium

Seed producing, flowers, vascular, sporophyte dominant describe Phylum?

Angiospermorphyta

In the general plant lifecycle, the generation that is haploid, visible part of mosses and liverworts, produce sperm and egg is called the?

gametophyte

Phylum for members that are nonvascular, needs water for reproduction, upright stem-like, leaf-like, root-like

Marchantiophyta