History for 7815 Praxis Exam

Rosa Parks

Refused bus seat, igniting Montgomery Bus Boycott.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Yearlong protest against racial segregation on buses.

Little Rock Nine

Nine students integrating into Central High School, 1957.

Civil Rights Act of 1957

First federal law protecting voting rights.

Sit-ins

Nonviolent protests at segregated lunch counters.

Greensboro Sit-in

Inspired by four youths at Woolworth's, 1960.

March on Washington

250,000 people rally for jobs and freedom, 1963.

I Have a Dream

Dr. King's speech during the March on Washington.

16th Street Baptist Church Bombing

Attack killing four girls, sparking national protests.

Assassination of JFK

John F. Kennedy killed, Lyndon B. Johnson becomes president.

Malcolm X

Civil rights leader assassinated in 1965.

Selma to Montgomery March

Protest against voter suppression in Alabama, 1965.

Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.

King killed in Memphis, Tennessee, 1968.

Civil Rights Act of 1968

Fair Housing Act ensuring equal housing rights.

Lyndon B. Johnson

Signed major civil rights legislation as president.

Birmingham Protests

Responses to church bombing, highlighting racial tensions.

Federal Troops in Arkansas

Sent to protect students during school integration.

Ratification

Approval process of the Constitution by states.

Bill of Rights

First ten amendments protecting individual liberties.

Westward Expansion

U.S. territorial growth into western lands.

Civil War

Conflict (1861-1865) over slavery and secession.

Union

Northern states during the Civil War.

Confederacy

Southern states that seceded from the Union.

Progressive Era

Period of reforms addressing social and economic issues.

Trust Regulation

Government control over monopolistic corporations.

New Deal

FDR's programs to combat the Great Depression.

Social Security

Federal program providing financial assistance.

Civil Rights Movement

Struggle for racial equality in the 1960s.

Modern Era

Current political evolution and ongoing reforms.

Industrial Revolution

Shift from agrarian to industrial economy (1760-1840).

Urbanization

Population movement from rural areas to cities.

Mass Production

Manufacturing goods in large quantities efficiently.

Philanthropy

Wealthy individuals donating to social causes.

Poor Working Conditions

Unsafe and unhealthy environments in factories.

Technological Advancements

Innovations improving production and efficiency.

Child Labor

Widespread exploitation of children in factories.

Urbanization

Migration from rural areas to cities for work.

Overcrowding

Excessive population density in urban areas.

Infrastructure

Basic physical systems needed for cities to function.

Environmental Pollution

Significant increase in air and water pollution.

Fossil Fuels

Natural fuels like coal, oil, and gas.

Natural Resources

Materials from the Earth used for production.

Deforestation

Clearing of forests for industrial use.

Soil Degradation

Decline in soil quality due to overuse.

Economic Inequality

Widening gap between rich and poor.

Health Problems

Diseases caused by pollution and poor living conditions.

Cholera

Infectious disease spread through contaminated water.

Typhoid

Bacterial infection from contaminated food or water.

Tuberculosis

Contagious bacterial infection affecting lungs.

Loss of Traditional Livelihoods

Displacement of artisans by machine-produced goods.

Imperialism

Expansion of a country's power through colonization.

Colonialism

Control over foreign territories for resources.

War of 1812

Conflict between the U.S. and Britain over trade.

Treaty of Ghent

Agreement that ended the War of 1812.

Antebellum Period

Time before the Civil War, marked by tension.

Civil War

Conflict over slavery and states' rights (1861-1865).

Sectionalism

Loyalty to a region rather than the nation.

14th Amendment

Granted citizenship to all born in the U.S.

15th Amendment

Prohibited voting discrimination based on race.

Ku Klux Klan

White supremacist group opposing Reconstruction efforts.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Established 'separate but equal' doctrine in 1896.

Abolitionist Movement

Campaign to end slavery in the U.S.

Emancipation Proclamation

1862 declaration freeing slaves in Confederate states.

Frederick Douglass

Prominent abolitionist and former enslaved person.

Harriet Tubman

Abolitionist known for the Underground Railroad.

Sojourner Truth

Abolitionist and women's rights activist.

William Lloyd Garrison

Published 'The Liberator', an abolitionist newspaper.

Southern Resistance

Opposition to Reconstruction efforts by Southern whites.

Federal Intervention

Government involvement to enforce Reconstruction policies.

Racial Segregation

Separation of races in public facilities.

Civil Rights

Rights ensuring equal social opportunities and protection.

Disputed 1876 Election

Led to end of Reconstruction era.

Withdrawal of Federal Troops

Allowed Southern states to limit Black rights.

Harsh System of Oppression

Legal means to suppress Black Americans post-Reconstruction.

Gradual Emancipation Programs

Northern states' efforts to end slavery slowly.

Fugitive Slave Act

1850 law requiring return of escaped slaves.

Abolitionist Cause

Movement to end slavery in the United States.

13th Amendment

Constitutional amendment abolishing slavery in 1865.

Women's Suffrage Movement

Campaign for women's right to vote.

World War I

Global conflict from 1914 to 1918.

Allied Powers - WW1

Coalition of France, Britain, Russia, and U.S.

Central Powers

Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire.

Spanish Flu Pandemic

1918 influenza outbreak causing millions of deaths.

Civil Rights Movement

Struggle for social justice and equality in 1960s.

Nationalism

Strong identification with one's own nation.

Decolonization

Process of colonies gaining independence post-WWII.

Nuclear Weapons

Explosive devices utilizing nuclear reactions.

Space Exploration

Investigation of outer space through technology.

19th Amendment

Constitutional amendment granting women's voting rights.

Unemployment Rate

15 million Americans unemployed during Great Depression.

Migration

Farming families relocated seeking work during Dust Bowl.

New Deal

FDR's programs to recover economy from 1933 to 1939.

Financial Reforms

New regulations on banking during the New Deal.

World War II

Global conflict from 1939 to 1945 involving superpowers.

Treaty of Versailles

Agreement ending WWI, blamed Germany for war.

Nazi Party

Political party that rose to power in Germany.

Allied Powers - WW2

Military alliance including US, UK, USSR, and China.

Axis Powers

Military alliance including Germany, Italy, and Japan.

The Holocaust

Genocide of over 6 million Jews during WWII.

Adolph Hitler

Leader of Nazi Germany during WWII.