Economic Mineral Deposit

0-1000m from the paleosurface

Epithermal gold mineralization ranges at a depth of

massive copper sulfide

It refers to any solid compact of pyrite and phyrhotite containing variable amounts of sulfide of Cu, Pb,and Zn

felsic in composition

kuroko type of deposit are closely associated with volcanism. They occur in massive pyritic sulfide bodies, therefore their host rocks are

cyprus

This is a volcano- exhaltive stratiform deposit that contains virtually high lead, and high proportions of relative to silver than others. It is associated with mafic to ultramafic rocks. What is this type of deposit?

kieslager

These are massive copper sulfide deposits that occurs in metamorphic rocks as lenses or pods

contact metasomatic

What process of sulfide deposits that commonly leads to porphyry type of deposits

bag deposits

These are good examples of biochemical precipitation of iron minerals in which bacterial actions causes the precipitation of ferric oxides and hydroxides

Al2O3 and MgO

The difference between metallurgical chromite and refractory chromite is that the former does not contain

dunite

Podiform chromite deposits has three zones of mineralization. In what particular zone do most metallurgical and refractory type of chromite associates?

copper sulfide

What particular sulfide deposits are found in zone 3 of Podiform chromite mineralization?

laterites

These type of nickel deposits are restricted to the ultramafic rocks of the various ophiolite belts where climatic conditions and physiographic features plays a vital role in such processes

paragenesis

What is the general term for the order of formation of associated minerals in the succession, one after another?

hypogene

Applied to minerals that have been formed by generally ascending waters

epigenetic

Applied to minerals formed at a later stage than the enclosing rocks

hypothermal

Deposits formed At high temperature and pressure along openings in rocks by deposition from fluids derived from consolidating igneous rocks.

calcite

The main mineral found in limestone is

sulfides

Gossans are weathering derivatives of

stock

It is discordant igneous intrusion having a surface exposure of less than 40 sq. miles

keiko

These are volcano-exhalative type of deposits wherein chalcopyrite is dominantly found in silicate rocks

kuroko

In copper sulfide deposits, these are called black ores wherein sphalerite, galena barite and chalcopyrite are found

volcano

A central vent or close group of conduits wherein heated rock materials emerges from the interior of the earth

marine organism origin

If coal is of vegetal or plant origin, then oil and natural gas is of

sandstone

What are the most suitable reservoir rocks for oil?

during conversion of organic matter to petroleum

When is natural gas formed

clay

It is the backbone of the ceramic industry

blocks or pleces

The term "rock" differs from "stone" in that the latter is applied to

cryolite

This was once mistaken for lead, it was called "block lead" (also plumbago) it has a high melting temperature (30000C)

asbestos

If marble is the commercial term for limestone's, then this term applies to minerals that separates readily into fibers

mica

This group of minerals are well known for its uncommon cleavage, which allows it to split into thin sheets

mineral filters

These minerals posses properties of base exchange and selective absorption that makes them highly efficient purifiers. An example of these is the fuller's earth. What are these minerals

refractory

The type of chromite with an alumina content of more than 20% is

induced polarization

The best geophysical method in the search for porphyry copper is

Philex

The underground porphyry copper mine with the highest gold content in the Philippines is

dunite

One of the typical monomineralic rock is

consequent stream

A kind of stream flowing over coastal plain or either original slope; are streams whose course is a direct consequence of the original slope of the surface upon which it developed, i.e., streams that follow slope of the land over which they originally formed.

graben

A downthrown block bounded by parallel normal faults is termed as

streak

The color of the mineral in powdered form

dendritic

A stream pattern on homogenous rocks

crystal lattice

The three dimensional regularly repeating set of points that represent the translational periodicity of crustal structure is

local base level

Lowest level altitude to which a given stream can erode its channel

marl

Which of the following rocks is geologically unlike the others

Principle of Uniformitarianism

The Principle of Continuity of geologic processes is

limestone

Fossils may be found in

degradation

The wearing of rocks by water, ice and wind is

stock

A domestic extension into the rocks above a batholith is called

Seismograph

The instrument used for recording the vibrations of the earth's crust is

atmosphere

The gaseous envelop surrounding the earth is called

parallel to bedding

Stratiform deposits are generally

may be true or false depending upon the price of metal in the international market

A mineral deposit is a mere concentration of mineral in a certain area.

Diabase

is a mafic, holocrystalline, subvolcanic rock equivalent to volcanic basalt or plutonic gabbro

Hypabyssal rock

is an intrusive igneous rock that is emplaced at medium to shallow depths within the crust, and has intermediate grain size and often porphyritic texture between that of volcanic and plutonic rocks

Aphanitic

is a name given to certain igneous rocks that are so fine-grained that their component mineral crystals are not detectable by the unaided eye (as opposed to phaneritic igneous rocks, where the minerals are visible to the unaided eye)

Phaneritic

is an igneous rock whose microstructure is made up of crystals large enough to be distinguished with the unaided eye. (In contrast, the crystals in an aphanitic rock are too small to be seen with the naked eye.)

Porphyritic

is an adjective used in geology, specifically for igneous rocks, for a rock that has a distinct difference in the size of the crystals, with at least one group of crystals obviously larger than another group

Geosyncline

a large-scale depression in the earth's crust containing very thick deposits

Eugeosyncline

a narrow rapidly subsiding geosyncline usually with volcanic materials mingled with clastic sediments.

Geanticline

a large-scale anticline or upward fold of stratified rock.

Diastrophism

The large scale deformation of the earth's crust that produces continents, ocean basins, mountain ranges, etc.

Grit or Gristone

is a hard, coarse-grained, siliceous sandstone; applied to such sandstones that are quarried for building material

gray wacke

a dark coarse-grained sandstone containing more than 15 percent clay.

Quartzite

is a metamorphic rock formed when quartz-rich sandstone or chert has been exposed to high temperatures and pressures. Such conditions fuse the quartz grains together forming a dense, hard, equigranular rock.

Dunite

a green to brownish coarse-grained igneous rock consisting largely of olivine.

Arkose

is a detrital sedimentary rock, specifically a type of sandstone containing at least 25% feldspar

Sectile

The term used to describe the tenacity of minerals in which they can be cut into thin shavings with a knife.

Concretion

It is a mass formed by deposition of material about a nucleus. Some of these are roughly spherical, whereas others assume a great variety of shapes.

colloform banding or colloform

A texture, often found in certain types of mineral deposits, where crystals have grown in a radiating and concentric manner which may reflect underlying geochemical controls

Stalactite

a tapering structure hanging like an icicle from the roof of a cave, formed of calcium salts deposited by dripping water.

Stalagmite

is an upward-growing mound of mineral deposits that have precipitated from water dripping onto the floor of a cave

De Beers

Today's largest diamond producer worldwide.

Idiochromatic

A term used to describe a mineral that does not vary in color because of certain light-absorbing atoms that form an essential part of its make-up.

Allochromatic

refers to minerals whose color varies based on the presence of impurities

Clasts

Fragments in sedimentary rocks that originally formed part of the parent rocks.

Geochemistry

The micro-quantitative analysis of soil and water samples.

Geological prospecting

It applies knowledge of genesis and occurrence of mineral deposits, structural mapping and mineralogical and petrography analyses to discover, define, and appraise mineral prospects.

Dendritic

A basic drainage pattern forming branching like trees.

Annular Drainage system

pattern streams follow a roughly circular or concentric path along a belt of weak rock, resembling in plan a ringlike pattern

Trellis drainage pattern

The geometry of a trellis drainage system is similar to that of a common garden trellis used to grow vines

Bonanza

an especially rich vein of precious ore

dike

is a sheet of rock that formed in a fracture in a pre-existing rock body; Tabular shaped discordant pluton is called ----; Dikes can be either magmatic or sedimentary in origin

Sill

is a tabular sheet intrusion that has intruded between older layers of sedimentary rock, beds of volcanic lava or tuff, or even along the direction of foliation in metamorphic rock; is synonymous with concordant intrusive sheet

Chert

Siliceous deposit of a sedimentary nature whose main constituent is redistributed silica.

Amygdaloidal

Infilling of Vesicles is called ----

Vesicular

Rock riddled with air bubbles is termed;

Clastic rock

are composed of fragments, or clasts, of pre-existing minerals and rock; It means fragmentary and fractured appearance of constituents.

KalSi3O8

Chemical formula for orthoclase

Direct

A method of discovery, normally limited to visual examination of either the exposure (outcrop) of the deposit of the loose fragments (floats) that have weathered away from the outcrop.

Phenocryst

It is a large and well-shaped crystal.

Xenolith

a rock fragment which becomes enveloped in a larger rock during the latter's development and solidification. In geology, the term is almost exclusively used to describe inclusions in igneous rock during magma emplacement and eruption

Xenocryts

is an individual foreign crystal included within an igneous body

Kerogene

The solid petroleum that occurs as a component of shale; is a mixture of organic chemical compounds that make up a portion of the organic matter in sedimentary rocks.

Petroleum

is a naturally occurring, yellow-to-black liquid found in geological formations beneath the Earth's surface, which is commonly refined into various types of fuels

Tar

is a dark brown or black viscous liquid of hydrocarbons and free carbon, obtained from a wide variety of organic materials through destructive distillation.

Kerosene

also known as paraffin, lamp oil, and coal oil (an obsolete term), is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid which is derived from petroleum, widely used as a fuel in industry as well as households

Crude oil

is a naturally occurring, unrefined petroleum product composed of hydrocarbon deposits and other organic materials.

Contact metamorphism

These deposits are formed in the zone adjacent to magma with soluble or replaceable rocks.

Mineral deposit

Any known body of mineral occurrence with a potential to become an ore body worthwhile mining.

Metasomatism

is the chemical alteration of a rock by hydrothermal and other fluids; It is the replacement of one rock by another of different minerological and chemical composition. The minerals which compose the rocks are dissolved and new mineral formations are deposited in their place. Dissolution and deposition occur simultaneously and the rock remains solid.

Propylitic alteration

is caused by iron and sulfur-bearing hydrothermal fluids, and typically results in epidote-chlorite-pyrite alteration, often with hematite and magnetite facies

Potassic alteration

typical of porphyry copper and lode gold deposits, results in production of micaceous, potassic minerals such as biotite in iron-rich rocks, muscovite mica or sericite in felsic rocks, and orthoclase (adularia) alteration, often quite pervasive and producing distinct salmon-pink alteration vein selvages

Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits

are a type of metal sulfide ore deposit, mainly copper-zinc which are associated with and created by volcanic-associated hydrothermal events in submarine environments.