Lecture Exam 2

Define Tissue

Group of cells that have a similar structure and act together to perform a specific function

Four types of cell junctions

Occlusing Junctions, Adhering Junctions, Desmosomes, Gap Junctions

What are the four-primary type of human body tissues?

Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, Muscular

What are the properties or characteristics of epithelial tissue?

Form sheets of tightly bound cells or roll into tubes, Lie on the basement membrane, Have Apical and Basolateral sides, No Matrix, Avacular

List 4 main functions of epithelium tissue

Diffusion, Protection, Absorption, Secretion, Sensation

What are the two criteria or basis use to classify epithelial tissue?

Arrangement and shape of cells

What are the two main types of epithelium glands?

Exocrine and Endocrine Glands

How do you differentiate between from Exocrine and Endocrine Glands?

Exocrine have ducts and secrete into the external environment, and secrete things like sweat, oil, and enzymes

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Endocrie don’t have ducts, secrete into blood, and secrete only hormones

Distinguish between a simple and compound gland?

Simple is single unbranched duct

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Compound have a branched duct

Distinguish between a tubular and acinar (alveolus) glands

Tubular glands show tube-like secretory portions

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Acinar glands show pear-like secretory portions with wide base and little inner free space

Contrast the merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine glands based on mode of secretion

Merocrine Glands: Secretion occurs as vesices, no part of cell is shed

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Apocrine Glands: A portion of cell is shed with secretion

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Holocrine Glands: Secretion occurs by whole cell being ruptured

Properties of connective tissue types

Contains three types of fibers: collagen, elastic, and reticular

4 functions of connective tissue

Joins one tissue to another in the organs, adipose tissue stores fat, cartilage and bones form a supporting framework for the body, blood and lymph carry materials throughout the body

What are the two major components of connective tissue?

Ground substance, fibers, cells

What are two components of extracellular matrix of connective tissue?

Proteoglycans and fibrous proteins such as collagen

The fluid connective tissue is called…

Blood

List the cell types of connective tissue

Fibrocytes and fat cells

List the three types of fibers found in connective tissue

Collagen, elastic fibers, reticular fibers

What is the most common type of fiber found in connective tissue?

Fibroblast

Distinguish between mucous and serous membranes

Mucous lines body cavities open to the exterior (digestive and respiratory tracks)

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Serous are moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavities

What are the two excitable type of human body tissues?

Muscle tissue and nervous tissue

What are the three kinds of muscular tissue?

Striated, Unstriated, Cardiac

What are the differences between the three muscular tissues?

Striated is voluntary muscle, attaches to bones by tendons through both ends

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Unstriated is involuntary muscle that functions independently and does not require the central and peripheral nervous system

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Cardiac muscles is found in the cardiac walls of the heart. More or less striated, but functions similar to unstriated muscle

The only kind of muscle tissue that does not have striations is…

Smooth muscle tissue

Where in the body can you find smooth muscle tissue?

Walls of hollow organs

What are the two main cell types in nervous tissue?

Neurons and Neuroglia

List the three main parts of a neuron/ nerve cell and state their functions.

Cell body, axon, and axon terminal

Which tissue enables us to be aware of our external environment and react to it?

Nervous tissue

What is the first step in tissue repair (Hemostasis)?

Vasoconstriction

What are the three steps of tissue repair?

Inflammation, Organization and Restored Blood Supply, Regeneration and Fibrosis

What is regeneration?

Regrowth of lost tissues or organs in response to injury

What is fibrosis?

Condition in which fibrous connective tissue invades an organ. Scar tissue is formed as a repairing process, and the tissue hardens, reducing the flow of fluid

Components of the integumentary system

Skin, Hair, Nails, Exocrine glands, Sensory Nerves

List the three accessory structures located within the dermis

Hair, nails, swear gland fibers

List four functions of the integumentary system

Protection, Sensation, Temperature Regulation, Excretion

What are the two main regions of the skin?

Epidermis and Dermis

What type of epithelium composes the epidermis of the skin?

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

What type of connective tissue constitutes most of he dermis of the skin?

Dense irregular connective tissue

List the five layers of the epidermis of the thick skin

Stratum Corneum, Lucidum, Granulosum, Spinosum, Basale

Which layer of the epidermis of the skin is the most active, where undergoing mitosis cell division?

Stratum Basale

Differentiate the thin from thick skin and their locations in the human body

Thick skin has thicker stratum spinosum, stratum corneum, and no hair

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Thick skin on palms, soles of feet

List the two layers of the dermis

Papillary Layer and Reticular Layer

What s the function of the hypodermis?

Provides insulation, stores fat and energy, protects the body, attaches skin to bones and muscle

the subcutaneous layer of the skin (hypodermis) is mainly composed of…

Fat and Connective tissues

Which layer of epidermis is missing in thin body skin?

Stratum Lucidum

Name the four epidermal cells

Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Langerhans, Merkel Cells

What is the function of Keratinocytes?

Primary cell type within epidermis (basal cells) that help deter environmental changes

What is the function of Melanocytes?

Produce and distribute melanin

What is the function of Langerhans?

Determine immune response

What is the function of Merkel Cells?

Essential for light tough responses

How does the skin maintain body temperature?

Blood Vessels: Shivering when cold and sweat when hot

How does the skin contribute to the body’s metabolism?

Carries out chemical conversions that supplement some of the protective conversions carried out by the liver

Where are the touch receptors located in the skin?

In the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis

What does the Lamellated (Pacinian) Corpuscle detect?

Detect pressure and vibration

Name two functions of melanin pigment

Pigmentation and Protection from UV radiation

What are the three components that contribute to skin color?

Melanin, Carotene, and Hemoglobin

What are the three type of hairs?

Lanugo, Vellus, Terminal

What is Lanugo hair?

Very thin, soft, usually unpigmented hair that covers the unborn or newborn human

What is Vellus Hair?

Short, fine, “peach fuzz” body hair

What is terminal hair?

Longer, coarser, thicker, and darker fully developed hair

What is acne?

Condition where hair follicles become plugged with oil and dead skin cells

What is the defect associated with albinism?

Absence of Tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in the production of melanin

What are the functions of sebaceous glands?

Production of sebum, helps lubricate and waterproof skin, prevent hair from drying out, and inhibit growth of harmful microorganisms

List two locations of apocrine sweat glands in the body

Armpits and groin

What are the function and location of ceruminous glands?

Function: Produce earwax (cerumen) that protects the ear canal from foreign particles and lubricates the skin

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Location: Found only in the skin of the outer ear canal

List 2 risk factors associated with skin cancer

Family history of skin cancer and Lighter natural skin color

What types of cells are involved in each type of skin cancer?

Basal Cell Carcinoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Merkel Cell Cancer, Melanoma

Which type of skin cancer is most dangerous (malignant)?

Melanoma

What is most common type of skin cancer?

Basal and Squamous Cell Carcinomas

What are the differences between

First

Second

Third

degree burns?

First-degree burns only affect the outer layer of skin, causing redness and pain.

Second-degree burns affect the outer and underlying layer of skin, causing blisters and more intense pain.

Third-degree burns damage all layers of skin and can even affect the underlying tissues and bones, often resulting in numbness due to nerve damage.

What are the two most urgent or immediate fear complications in burn victims?

Bacterial infection and fluid loss

What is the purpose of “Rule of Nines”?

This method divides the body's surface area into percentages to assess how much of the body has been burned

The main protein that composes a hair is…

Keratin

True or False?

Sweat glands are composed of epithelium tissue

True

What are the components of the skeletal system?

Bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments

What are the four functions of the skeletal system?

Shape, movement, makes blood cells, protects organs, and stores minerals

Define Osteoprogenitor Cell

Stem cells in the bone that play a role in bone repair and growth

Define Osteoblast cell

Cells required for bone synthesis and mineralization

Define Osteocyte Cell

Cells residing within the bone matrix that comprise 90-95% of all bone cells

Define Osteoclast Cells

Cells that degrade bone to initiate normal bone remodeling

What is the basic functional unit of a long bone?

Osteon

What is bone remodeling?

A lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton and new bone tissue is formed

What are the two main hormones that regulate bone remodeling?

Calcitonin and Parathyroid hormone

What minerals are necessary for bone growth?

Calcium, protein, vitamin D

What vitamin is necessary for bone calcification?

Vitamin K

What is osteogenesis?

Brittle bone diseaseW

What is Ossification?

Process of laying down new bone material by cells named osteoblasts

What is the most abundant cartilage type?

Hyaline Cartilage

What is the most abundant type of bone fibers?

Type 1 Collagen

What is intramembranous ossification? Which bones derived from it?

Directly converts the mesenchymal tissue to bone and forms the flat bones of the skull, and most of the cranial bones

What is endochondral ossification? List some bones derived from it.

Process of bone formation from cartilage template. Bones derived from it include femur, tibia, humerus, phalanges, and vertebrae.

What are the functions of parathyroid hormone?

Release of calcium by bones into the bloodstream

What are the functions of Calcitonin?

Helps regulate calcium levels in the bloodstream by decreasing it

List and define the two divisions of the human skeleton

Axial (Vertical Axis): Head, Vertebral Column, Ribs

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Appendicular (Appendages): Hands, Feet, Pelvic Bones

List four important functions of blood Calcium

Blood clotting, helping muscles to contract, regulates normal heart rhythms, and regulates nerve functions

The central portion or shaft of a long bone is also referred to as the…

Diaphysis

The two ends of a long bone are called…

The epiphysis

In an adult skeleton, _________, bone marrow fills the medullary cavity of a long bone, and

_________ bone marrow is located within the proximal epiphysis of long bone such as humerus and femur.

Yellow, Red

What is the difference between compact and spongy bone?

Spongy bones fill the inner layer of most bones

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Compact bone forms the shaft of long bones

When classified bones per shape; the humerus, femur, and radius are all called _______ \n bones.

Long