L to J Q1 + Q2 + Q3

Force

a push or pull exerted on an object

Matter

anything that has mass and takes up space

Speed

the distance an object travels per unit of time

Motion

the state in which one object's distance from another is changing

Reference Point

a place or object used for comparison to determine if an object is in motion

Friction

the force of resistance that one surface exerts on another when the two surfaces move across each other

Inertia

the tendency of an object to resist any change in its motion

Net force

the overall force on an object, when all the individual forces acting on it are added together.

Rolling Friction

friction that occurs when an object rolls over a surface

Sliding Friction

friction that occurs when one solid surface slides over another

Static Friction

friction that acts on objects that are not moving, a resistance to start moving

Fluid Friction

friction that occurs as an object moves through a fluid

Newton's 1st Law

an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force

Newton's 2nd Law

the acceleration of an object is dependent upon two variables

Newton's 3rd Law

for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

Momentum

the product of an object's mass and velocity

Potential energy

the stored energy of an object that has the potential to change to a different form of energy to do work

Kinetic energy

energy that an object has due to its motion

Energy

ability to cause change or do work

Transmission

to pass through air or some other medium

Law of conservation of energy

energy can neither be created nor destroyed by a chemical or a physical change

Unbalanced forces

two or more forces resulting in a change in an object's motion

Constant Speed

When the speed of an object remains the same

Velocity

speed of an object in a specified direction

Balanced forces

two or more forces that act upon an object and result in no change in motion

Gas

state of matter that takes the shape and volume of the container it is in. Particles have high energy and move freely at high speeds

Liquid

state of matter that keeps its volume, but takes the shape of its container. Particles have medium energy and move freely at medium speeds

Solid

state of matter that keeps its shape and volume. Particles have low energy and vibrate slowly in place

Condensation

change in the physical state of matter from gas to the liquid phase

Dissolving

a physical change in which particles of a substance are separated by water particles

Element

a pure substance that cannot be broken down by chemical or physical means

Vaporization

change in the physical state of matter from liquid to the gas phase

Sublimation

change in the physical state of matter from solid to the gas phase without passing through the liquid phase

Physical Properties

characteristics of a substance that is measurable and used to describe matter

Chemical Properties

characteristics of a substance that determine how it interacts with other substances

Amplitude

the maximum distance the particles of a medium move away from their rest positions as a wave passes through the medium

Vibrations

a repeated back and forth or up and down motion

Transverse Wave

a wave that moves the medium in a direction perpendicular to the direction in which the wave travels

Crest

the highest part of a transverse wave

Trough

the lowest part of a transverse wave

Compression

the part of a longitudinal wave where the particles of the medium are close together

Rarefactions

the part of a longitudinal wave where the particles of the medium are far apart

Longitudinal Wave

a wave that moves the medium in a direction parallel to the direction in which the wave travels

Frequency

the number of complete waves that pass a given point in a certain amount of time.

Wavelength

the distance between two corresponding parts of a wave

Coherent Light

a beam of light in which the waves are all moving synchronously (identical waves in phase)

Medium

material that energy can transfer through

Transparent

a material that allows light to pass through so that objects behind can be distinctly seen

Translucent

material that scatters light; allows light, but not detailed shapes

Transmission

to pass through air or some other medium

Opaque

reflects or absorbs all of the light that strikes it, can't see through it

Scattering

light reflected in all directions by an uneven surface

Rods

cells in the retina that detect dim light

Cones

cells in the retina that respond to and detect color

Retina

layer of cells, made of rods and cones, that lines the inside of the eyeball

Refraction

the bending of the path of light when it passes from one medium into another

Concave Lens

a lens that curves inward, reduces the image

Convex Lens

a lens that is thicker in the middle than at the edge, magnifies the image

Wave

the transfer of energy moving through a medium (sound, seismic, water)

Reflection

the bouncing back of an object or a wave when it hits a surface through which it cannot pass

Food Web

complex interactions of food chains that interact in an ecosystem

Parasitism

relationship between organisms where one organism benefits and the other is harmed

Photosynthesis

process by which organisms use light energy to make food energy

Population

a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area

Carrying Capacity

largest number of individuals of a species that a particular environment can support

Species

a group of organisms that is capable of reproducing similar organisms

Producer

an organism that obtains energy by making its own food from sunlight

Mutualism

a relationship between organisms where both benefit

Commensalism

relationship between organisms where one benefits and the other is unaffected

Axis

A line through an object around which it rotates

Planets

A round object that orbits the Sun and dominates its orbit

Rotation

The spinning of a body, like Earth, on its axis

Comets

A small body of ice and dust that orbits the Sun

Revolution

The motion of one body around another, like Earth's orbit around the Sun

Asteroid

small, rocky bodies that move with a solar system

Eclipse

the blocking of the light from an astronomical body by the shadow of another body

Gravitational pull

the force of attraction between all masses in the universe

Magnetic field

a region where a magnetic force can be observed

Terrestrial Planet

a planet primarily composed of rock

Inertia

tendency of an object to resist change in motion

Atmosphere

the envelope of gases surrounding the earth or another planet

Astronomy

the branch of science which deals with celestial objects, space, and the physical universe as a whole

Moon

the natural satellite of the earth, visible by reflected light from the sun

Tides

the alternating rise and fall of the ocean or other large bodies of water

Orbit

the curved path in which a planet, satellite, or spacecraft moves in a circle around another body

Gas Giant

a planet primarily composed of gases

Mass

a measure of the amount of matter an object has

Weight

measure of the force of gravity on an object, can change based on location

Galaxy

a group of stars, clouds of gas, and dust particles that move together through the universe

Meteoroid

chunk of rock or metal from space that falls through the atmosphere, or layer of gases, surrounding Earth

Meteorite

chunk of rock or metal from space that survives its fall and reaches Earth's surface

Solar flares

areas where a large amount of energy is released to the surface of the Sun

Sunspot

any of the dark spots that appear at times on the sun's surface and are usually visible only through a telescope

Nuclear fusion

the process of joining 2 or more smaller atoms to make a larger atom

Respiratory System

system that brings oxygen into the body releases carbon dioxide

Reproductive System

system that allows the production of offspring

Nervous System

system that regulates the body's response to stimuli

Immune System

system that protects the body against infection

Tissue

a group of specialized cells

Digestive system

system that breaks down food into energy for the body