Nutrition Final

food insecurity

Food insecurity refers to the lack of access to enough safe and nutritious food for an active and healthy life.

what is nutrition insecurity

is a state in which induvial or communities lack access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life

how is food insecurity assessed/measured at the national level

typically assessed by measuring food availability, access, utilization and stability

* population surveys food security supplement
* USDA food security reports

food insecurity v hunger

food insecurity: the condition of not having access to sufficient food, or food and on adequate quality, to meet ones basic needs

hunger: an individual-level economic and social condition of limited or uncertain access to adequate food

risk factors for food insecurity

There are several risk factors for food insecurity, including poverty, unemployment, low income, lack of access to affordable and nutritious food, high cost of living, natural disasters, conflict and displacement, and limited access to education and healthcare. Other factors may include household size, age, disability, and social isolation.

what are consequences of food insecurity

malnutrition, stunted growth, weakened immune system, increased risk of chronic diseases, poor academic performance, and mental health issues such as anxiety and depression. It can also lead to social and economic problems, such as poverty, unemployment, and social unrest.

food desert

accessibility to sources of healthy food, measured by distance to a store or by the number of stores in an area

* individual level resources that may affect availability, such as family income or vehicle availability

national programs to increase access to healthy foods

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), and the National School Lunch Program (NSLP).

causes and consequences of food deserts

causes: lack of grocery stores, transportation barriers, economic factors

consequences: poor dietary choices, negative health outcomes (diabetes, obesity, heart disease)

SNAP (strengths and limitations)

Strengths:

* Provides assistance to low-income individuals and families to purchase food
* Helps alleviate hunger and improve nutrition
* Stimulates the economy by increasing demand for food products
* Has a low error rate in terms of improper payments

Limitations:

* Benefits may not be enough to cover all food expenses for a household
* Eligibility requirements may exclude some individuals who are in need of assistance
* Some people may abuse the program by selling their benefits or using them to purchase non-food items
* Funding for the program is subject to political debates and budget cuts.

Farm Bill

The Farm Bill is a law that controls many agricultural and food programs in the US. It is updated every five years and includes crop insurance and conservation programs. One of the programs it covers is SNAP, which is funding and eligibility requirements for participants. It also has provisions for nutrition education and employment and training programs for SNAP recipients.

sustainability

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the ability to maintain or preserve resources and systems for future generations. It involves meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In other words, sustainability is about finding a balance between economic, social, and environmental factors to ensure long-term viability.

food equity

sharing the worlds food and other resources fairly

the concept of ensuring that all individuals and communities have access to healthy, affordable, culturally appropriate food

food diversity

food diversity is the variety of different species of foo crops available

* refers to the variety of food available to individuals and communities
* diversity of crops, livestock, diversity of cultural traditions and food practices

impacts of climate change on the food supply

amount of food products, variety and nutritional value of food, cost of food, increase in water needs for crops

how does the food industry help/hinder the creation of sustainable food systems

by implementing policies and systems that support (or work against) sustainability (in packaging, transportation, food waste) and food equity

importance of food environments in shifting dietary patterns

The food environment includes availability, accessibility, and affordable of healthy food options. When healthy food options are widely available, affordable, and accessible, people are more likely to choose healthier foods.

main types of studies used to access links between diet and chronic disease

observational studies, intervention studies, systemic reviews and meta-analysis, animal studies

healthy eating index

is a tool used by researchers and policy makers to access the quality of an individuals diet (based off DGAs)

what dietary patterns are consistently linked to lower risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, mortality?

Eating a diet rich in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and lean protein sources like fish and poultry has been shown to lower the risk

what are nutrients of concern during pregnancy

iron, calcium, folic acid, vitamin D

recommended weight gain during pregnancy

25-35lbs

nutrition-related problems that can occur during pregnacny

anemia, gestational diabetes, inadequate weight gain

current US public health recommendations for breastfeeding

exclusively breastfeed for the first six months, continue breastfeeding while gradually adding solid foods until at least 12 months of life

benefits of breastfeeding for infant nutrition

infant nutrition, including optimal nutrition, immune protection, reduced risk of infection and chronic diseases

barriers of breastfeeding

lack of support from family and healthcare providers, returning to work, difficulty latching or milk supply

from a PH perspective why is the relationship between nutrition and weight status important

increased prevalence of obesity (which can lead to other underlying health conditions), medical costs

impacts of animal agriculture on the environment

Meat and dairy specifically accounts for around 14.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions. If the world is to meet its target of limiting global warming to “well below” 2C, some degree of diet shift will be necessary. Conversion of land for beef production and animal feed is a leading cause of deforestation in the amazon

strategies to reduce impact of large-scale, industrial agriculture

Promoting sustainable agriculture practices, encouraging the use of agroforestry, supporting local and regional food systems, Reducing food waste, Encouraging the use of renewable energy

food waste

* impact on the environment

food waste: refers to the loss of edible food, either intentionally or unintentionally

* global problems: greenhouse gas emissions, wasting, food insecurity

food security

access by all people (or all members of a household) at all times to enough food for an active healthy life

characteristics of a healthful body weight

* appropriate for age
* maintained w/o constant dieting
* compatible with normal blood pressure, lipid levels, and glucose tolerance
* based on family history
* acceptable to you

BMI

body mass index is the measure of body fat based on height and weight

body compostion

refers to the proportion of fat, muscle, bone and other tissues in the body

fat distribution

refers to the pattern of fat distribution in the body

how is BMI used

is used as a screening tool to identify individuals who may have a high risk of developing weight-related health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers. However, BMI is not a diagnostics tool and cannot determine body fatness or health status on it own. It should not be used in conjunction with other methods, such as waist circumference and blood tests. To assess and individuals health

factors that impact a person weight status

genetics, metabolism, diet, PA level, sleep habits, stress, medical conditions/medicine

concept of energy balance

the relationship between the energy intake (calories consumed) and energy expenditure (calories burned) over time

3 components of energy expenditure

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

thermic effect of food (TEF)

physical activity (PA)

BMR/TEF/PA

BMR: the amount of energy the body uses to maintain basic body functions (breathing, blood circulation)

TEF: energy the body uses to digest, absorb, and metabolize food

PA: energy the body uses during exercise and other PA

how does the BMR contribute to the total EE (energy expenditure)

BMR accounts for majority of the body’s energy expenditure, typically around 60-70%

* even when the body is at rest it is still burning calories

factors that can influence BMR

age, gender, body size, body composition, genetics, hormonal imbalance

how are school meals used in a way to influence child nutrition status

by providing students with nutritious meals that are designed to meet specific dietary guidelines

National School Lunch Act

this law provides funding for school meal programs and set nutritional standards for the meals served in schools

proposed changes to school meal nutrition

proposed changes would allow schools to serve flavored low-fat milk, such as chocolate milk, and would provide more flexibility around the amount of added sugars in food served at schools

division of responsibility in child feeding

a framework that helps parents and caregivers provide healthy meals and snacks for children to develop a healthy relationship with food

why is it important to establish a positive relationship with food at a young age

for promoting healthy eating habits, preventing chronic diseases, and promoting psychological well-being

factors that may impact a persons PA level

location, physical health, mental health, age, environment, work, social support, culture

what are some ways that population level PA is assessed

self-report surveys, objective measure (devices that count steps/apple watch), fitness test, direct observation

why is low PA an issue

increased risk of chronic disease, poor mental health, reduced quality of life, increased healthcare cost

built environment strategies to address low levels of PA in the US

active transportation, parks and open spaces, complete streets (sidewalks)

recommended PA for children

60 mins

characteristics of a fad diet

* often promotes a quick fix
* promises dramatic results
* restrict/eliminates a particular food/food group
* severely restricts calories
* forbid or strongly promote on macronutrients
* promotes liquid meal replacements
* based on personal experience
* have rigid rules

limitations of diet

* accessibility to healthy foods
* medications
* underlying issues (diabetes, needing certain proteins)
* food allergies/sensitivities
* picky eaters

intuitive eating

* diet cycle (body shaming v body respect)
* unconditional permission to eat
* eating for physical rather than emotional reasons
* reliance on hunger cues
* body-food choice, congruence

anorexia nervosa

eating disorder characterized by a persistent restriction of food intake, leading to significant weight loss or failure to gain weight in children, an a distorted body image

bulimia

eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by purging or other behaviors to prevent weight gain

orthorexia

eating disorder characterized by an excessive preoccupation with eating healthy foods, this can lead to extreme dietary restrictions and social isolation as well as nutritional deficiencies

compulisve exercise

is a condition characterized by a compulsion to engage in excessive PA, often to the point of injury or exhaustion

binge eating disorder

eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating, in which a person eats large amounts of food in a short period of time and feels a loos of control over their behaviors

eating disorders in sports

mental health conditions that can affect athletes of all levels. they involve unhealthy eating habits and distorted body image, which can lead to serious physical and psychological consequences

female athlete triad

* low energy availability: person isn’t consuming food
* menstrual disturbance / amenorrhea: cycle starts
* bones loss/osteoporosis: stress fracture

RED-S

is a condition that can affect both males/females athletes. it occurs when an athletes energy intake is insufficient to meet the body’s needs, which can lead to a wide range of negative consequences

* can affect multiple body systems, can lead to decreased athletic performance, increased risk of injury, long term health problems

eating disorders in sports (contributing factors)

* athletes training and competing at high levels
* aesthetic, weight-based, lean sports, teammates, judges, unifroms
* injured athletes
* compulsive exercisers
* muscles ideals
* perfectionists

high risk groups

* Adolescents
* Females
* Anyone susceptible to psycho-social issues: depression, low self esteem, body dissatisfaction
* Anyone at risk for chronic or unhealthy dieting
* Transgender and LGBQ individuals
* Individuals whose experience trauma, abuse, neglect, bullying, discrimination, major life stressors, college students, sports injuries

stereotypes

* Athletes don’t get eating disorders
* People with leaner body types don’t get eating disorders

warning signs

* Restricts food intake
* Is ‘dieting’, may go vegan or gluten free
* Obsessed with food, counts calories, avoids fat
* Preoccupied by thoughts of food and weight
* Complains about body size or specific body parts
* May be exercising excessively
* May use laxatives
* Negative self talk

medical conditions

* Brain complications
* Esophgeal/throat complications
* Cardiac complications
* Kidney/pancreatic complications
* Eye issues
* Dental issues
* Glandular issues
* Type 2 diabetes
* GI complications
* Sexual development issues
* Gallbladder disease

competent eating

* feel good about eating
* be reliable about feeding yourself
* choose food that gives you pleasure listen to body
* eat as much as your hungry for
* don’t overeat
* allow ‘forbidden foods’ at meals/snacks

vitamins v minerals

vitamins: organic

minerals: inorganic

fat vitamins (A,D,E,K) vs water soluble vitamins (C,B)

fat vitamins: found in fatty proteins of food and are absorbed along with dietary fat

water soluble vitamins: toxicity is rare, deficiency symptoms occur quickly, excreted in urine

types of minerals

major: required in amounts of at least 100 mg/day, body contains 5g or more (7 types)

trace: required in amounts less than 100 mg/day, body contains less than 5g (8 are essential for human health)

folic acid fortification (public health importance)

process of adding folic acid to staple foods such as flour, rice, and pasta to increase the populations intake of the essential nutrient

* important for development of BS and can prevent birth defects such as spina bifida
* effective in the decrease of incidence of neural tube defects

UL and CDRR for sodium

UL: 2300 mg

CDRR: 1500mg

6 groups of essential nutrients

macronutrients: carbs, vitamins, fats, water

micronutrients: minerals and proteins

strats used to get shoppers to spend more money (grocery stores)

* placing high profit items at eye level
* offering sales and discounts
* using attractive packaging
* offering free samples
* placing essential items at the back of the store
* loyalty programs

strategies to help save time and money (shopping for food)

* make a list
* plan meals in advanced
* buy in bulk
* using coupons and sales
* shop seasonally
* compare proves
* shop at discounted stores
* cook at home

General concepts of how nutrition guidelines are set and measured in the US and the strengths and limitations of our system/s

US nutrition guidelines are set in partnership with government agencies and independent scientific advisory committees (DRI's and DGA's).  Strengths include a reliance of the best available scientific evidence and the involvement of individuals from a variety of sectors.  Weaknesses include the influence of politics and industry on what ends up in final recommendations

what nutrition assistance program provides food to pregnant women and children up through age 5

WIC

what does TEE stand for

total energy expenditure

high __ intake is linked to an increase risk of hypertension

sodium

synthesis and maintenance of collage is a major function of which vitamin or mineral

vitamin c

toxicity symptoms of which vitamins can develop after consuming only 3-4x the RDA

vitamin a

what does a calorie measure

energy

list two environmental-level factors that are associated with higher levels of PA

* living close to a park, bike path, sidewalk
* access to community rec facilities
* in kids, reduce screen time policies, more recess

in which population group is BMI percentile used to assess weight status

children ages 2-20

which of the following is more likely promote healthy increases in muscle mass

strength training

the ability to meet or satify basic economic, social, and security needs now and in the future without undermining natural resources and environmental quality is

sustainability

what does RMR stand for

resting metabolic rate

list two limitations of using BMI to assess health risks relation to body weight

* does not distinguish between lean and fat mass
* does not address fat distribution
* does not take age into consideration

which food below would NOT be included in the protein groups

eggplant

list one advantage of using BMI to assess health risks related to body weight at the population level

* easy to measure or report
* at the high end of BMI, string association with many adverse outcomes

recommended weight gain during pregnancy is based on the

mothers weight before becoming pregnant

if you are trying to decide whether the 18-ounce box or the 32-ounce box of cereal is a better buy, which numbers should you compare

unit price

the human-made space in which people live, work, and play in everyday us known as the…

built environment

what does NHANES stand for?

the national health and nutrition examinaition survey

what ED is characterized by eating large amounts of food within 2-hr period followed by recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain (purging)

bulimia

what term refers to a lower-income community without ready access to healthy and affordable food

food desert

inadequate intale of which nutrient during the first few weeks of pregancy is associated with spinal cord defects in the fetus

folic acid

what two macronutrients are usually the primary fuel sources for the body

carbs, fats