PURCOMM - MIDTERM

Communication

One of the most essential aspects of our lives

Communication

The process of sharing meaning in any context

Communication

A systematic process in which people interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings. (Wood, 2003)

Physical Context

answers the question “Where?” (place)

Social Context

answers the question “Who?” (relationship)

Historical Context

answers the question “What?” (previous encounter)

Psychological Context

answers the question “How?” (feelings)

Cultural Context

answers the question “Why?” (beliefs, values)

Participants

The people communicating

Participants

the sender and the receiver

Senders

form messages and send through different means

Receiver

processes the messages and reacts to them

Messages

Encoded and decoded information in a communication process

Channels

(Verderber 1999) A route traveled by the message; The means of Transportation

Sound Channel

(Verbal Cues)

Light Channel

(Non-Verbal Cues)

External Noises

Stimuli in the environment that draw people's attention away from what is being said

Internal Noises

Thoughts and feelings that intervene with the communication process

Semantic Noises

Unintended meanings aroused by certain symbols

Feedback

Shows how the message sent is heard, seen, and understood

Verbal Communication

Encompasses any form of communication involving words, spoken, written, or signed.

Verbal Communication

Our ability to communicate with a language

Non-Verbal Communication

includes body language, including our pitch, tone and volume

Intrapersonal Communication

Activities such as thought-processing and decision-making

Intrapersonal Communication

to better understand ourselves and to ultimately enhance our self-esteem.

Interpersonal Communication

communication that occurs between two persons who establish a communicative relationship.

Public Communication

a speaker sending message to an audience.

Functions of Communication

To meet needs

Functions of Communication

To enhance or maintain our sense of self

Functions of Communication

To fulfill social obligations

Functions of Communication

To develop relationships

Functions of Communication

To exchange information

Functions of Communication

To influence others

Principles of Communication

Communication is purposive

Principles of Communication

Communication is continuous

Principles of Communication

Communication messages vary in conscious encoding

Principles of Communication

Communication is relational

Principles of Communication

Communication has ethical implications

Principles of Communication

Communication is learned

Ethics

are values that have been instilled in us, we have unconsciously accepted them and govern our actions. Ethical value system is our basis for our decision-making and our basis for communication ethics

Communication Ethics

Speak with sincerity

Communication Ethics

Does not knowingly expose an audience to falsehood or half-truths that can cause significant harm

Communication Ethics

Does not cruelly alter the truth

Communication Ethics

Present the truth as she or he understands it

Communication Ethics

Raises the listeners level of expertise by supplying the necessary facts.

Communication Ethics

Employs message that is free from mental as well as physical coercion

Communication Ethics

Does not invent or fabricate information

Communication Ethics

Gives credit to the source of information

Culture

Learned and patterned beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors.

Cultural group identities

are defined by enduring, powerful norms developed over history and taught to its members through communication.

Culture

covers; nationality, ethnicity, race, dis/ability, religion, class, sexual orientation, gender, region

Intercultural Communication

Communication between people with differing cultural identities

Potential Challenges

“Other focused” orientation my culture \= “normal” “the standard”, their culture \= “other” “different”

Ethnocentrism

our tendency to view our own culture as superior to other cultures

Intercultural Communication Competence

Ability to communicate effectively and appropriately in various cultural contexts.

High context culture

much of the meaning comes from non-verbal and contextual cues; “what words mean depends on what surround the words”

Low context culture

much of the meaning generated within an interaction comes from the verbal communication used; “saying what we mean and meaning what we say”

Monochronic culture

time as valuable commodity and punctuality as very important.

Polychronic culture

time is free-flowing, and changes depending on each situation.

Conflict-as-oppurtunity

conflict is normal and a useful process

Conflict-as-destructive

views conflict as unnecessary

Dominating style

forcing one’s will on another

Integrating style

necessitates a great deal of open discussion

Compromising style

demands that everyone must give up something

Obliging style

involve giving up one’s position

Avoiding style

avoid the conflict entirely

Individualism

values independence

Collectivism

values interdependence

Low Power Distance

equality of status

High Power Distance

unequal power

Masculine Cultures

maximal distinction between what women and men are expected to do

Feminine Cultures

emphasize quality of life, concern for the weak, permits overlapping of roles

Uncertainty Avoidance

Extent to which people in a culture feel threatened by uncertain of unknown situations; such situations are avoided

Anxiety

Not knowing what you are expected to do; natural to focus on that feeling and not be totally in the communication transaction

Assuming Similarities Instead of Differences

Assume there are no differences, to behave as you would in your home cultures

Ethnocentrism

Negatively judging aspects of another culture; believing in cultural superiority.

Stereotypes

Refer to negative or positive judgements about individuals based on observable

Prejudice

Refers to any irrational suspicion or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual orientation

use of culturally-appropriate language

is a way of conforming to another culture's acceptable expressions, terms, images, and standards of behavior and thoughts.

Diversity

is reality.

Diversity

It is increasingly affecting traditional and digital media, trade, labor practices, and even casual conversation.

Barry Tomalin

a world-organized English writer and lecturer, culture is the fifth language skill I addition to listening, speaking, reading, and writing.

Linguistic variation

is a characteristic of all languages, and all varieties have their own rules and systems. Because of globalization, people live in the world where varieties of spoken and written language cross national boundaries, and migration brings people together from different backgrounds and cultures

Factors that Distinguish Spoken Language from Written Language

The Actual Situation or Context The Purpose of Communication

Interactional

Aims to develop relationships between interlocutors

Referential

providing the listener some information referring to objects or abstract concepts

Expressive

showing the speaker's judgments or feelings about a person, event, or situation

Transactional

getting information or making a deal. It has a specific purpose and is driven by needs and wants rather than sociability

Phatic

engaging is small, plain talk. The speaker and listener uses minimal amount of language to engage in the conversation.

Colloquial

daddy

Neutral

father

Literary

parent

Colloquial

get out

Neutral

go away

Literary

retire

Colloquial

go on

Neutral

continue

Literary

proceed

Colloquial

chap

Neutral

fellow