Honors Forensics: Fall Final Review
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112 Terms
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Who wrote Sherlock Holmes? Why was it important?
\-Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
\-popularized crime scene investigation
\-popularized crime scene investigation
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forensic science
the application of scientific knowledge to legal investigations
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Orfila
“Father of Forensic Toxicology”
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Bertillon
\-“Father of Criminal Identification”
\-founder of anthropometry
\-founder of anthropometry
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Galton
\-wrote the book “Finger Prints”
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Lattes
\-discovered a way to test dry blood for blood type
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Landsteiner
\-blood group/blood typing
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Goddard
\-bullet/gun comparison
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Locard
\-started first crime lab in Lyons, France
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Osborne
\-wrote a book called “Questioned Documents”
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Gross
\-use all areas of science to solve crimes
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Song Ci
\-case of the sickles
\-first reported case using insects
\-first reported case using insects
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Faulds
\-wrote an article in Nature magazine on fingerprints
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Jeffries
\-first DNA profiling test
\-first time DNA was used to evict and exonerate
\-Colin Pitchfork case
\-first time DNA was used to evict and exonerate
\-Colin Pitchfork case
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Yi Yi Yu
\-can tell if someone was dead prior or after a fire
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Nichol
\-invented the polarizing light microscope
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Marsh
\-first testified in court on detection of arsenic in the body
\-development the Marsh Test
\-development the Marsh Test
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McCrone
\-introduced microscopy to criminal investigations
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Volmer
\-created first crime lab in America
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Hoover
\-formed the first FBI crime lab
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Bayard
\-set up procedure to detect sperm under the microscope
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Frye v United States
\-a test must be “generally accepted” by the scientific communing
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Burned Pig Case
\-determined if the person was dead prior or by the fire
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Case of the Sickle
\-first time insects were used to solve a crime
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Daubert v Merrill Dow
\-the judge is the gatekeeper for scientific testimony
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Kuhmo Tire v Carmichael
\-the “gatekeeping” role of the trial judges applies to all experts
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Coppolino Case
\-scientists must devise new scientific tests to solve special problems that continually arise in the forensic lab\`
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biology unit
\-examines DNA, body fluids, hairs, and botanical fibers
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document exam unit
\-examines handwriting and typewriting, word processing, and paper/ink
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firearms unit
\-examines firearms, tools, shells, weapons, and bullet holes
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physical science unit
\-examines drugs, glass, paint, explosives, and soil
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latent fingerprints unit
\-analyzes fingerprints
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toxicology unit
\-examines for drugs/poisons in body fluids, organs, and tissues
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voiceprint unit
\-analyzes threatening messages
\-matches voices
\-matches voices
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photography unit
\-records physical evidence, digital imaging, and models crime scene
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polygraph unit
\-uses lie detector
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CSI unit
\-packages and collects evidence
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Major Crime Scenes (5)
\-Federal Bureau of Investigation
\-Drug Enforcement Administration
\-Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives
\-US Postal Inspection Service
\-US National Fish and Wildlife Forensics Laboratory
\-Drug Enforcement Administration
\-Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives
\-US Postal Inspection Service
\-US National Fish and Wildlife Forensics Laboratory
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Functions of Forensic Scientist (3)
\-analyze physical evidence
\-provide expert testimony and persuade the jury
\-training others to preserve evidence
\-provide expert testimony and persuade the jury
\-training others to preserve evidence
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forensic scientist
a person who applies science to criminal investigations
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Importance of Camera (2)
\-record images of prisoners
\-record crime scenes
\-record crime scenes
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physical evidence
any and all objects that establish a crime has been committed or can link a crime to its victim and perpetrator
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IRO (initial responding officer) job
\-secures the scene
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CSI job
\-collects and packages evidence
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ME/Coroner job
\-determines cause and manner of death
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lead detective job
\-take charge of investigation
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forensic anthropologist job
\-identifies skeletal remains
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forensic entomologist job
\-estimate time of death using insect development
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forensic pathologist
\-performs autopsies for coroner
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Types of search patterns and where used (4)
\-spiral: underwater, open field, explosives
\-grid: large outdoor scenes, double lines
\-strip/line: large outdoor scenes
\-quadrant/zones: indoor crime scenes
\-grid: large outdoor scenes, double lines
\-strip/line: large outdoor scenes
\-quadrant/zones: indoor crime scenes
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How are charred debris packaged and why?
\-sealed in airtight containers
\-to prevent evaporation of volatile residues/accelerants
\-to prevent evaporation of volatile residues/accelerants
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What is COC, and what is the importance to follow it?
\-every person who handles evidence must sign evidence label
\-failure leads to inadmissibility in court
\-failure leads to inadmissibility in court
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Unmailable Evidence (3)
\-explosives
\-certain types of chemicals
\-live ammunition
\-certain types of chemicals
\-live ammunition
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class evidence
evidence that arises from several sources
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individual evidence
evidence that only arises from 1 source
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known evidence
evidence that comes from suspects/victims
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unknown evidence
evidence collected at the crime scene that has unknown origin
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Examples of Individual Characteristics (2)
\-nuclear DNA
\-minutiae patterns on fingerprints
\-minutiae patterns on fingerprints
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Examples of Class Characteristics (3)
\-blue denim
\-white cotton
\-mitochondrial DNA\`
\-white cotton
\-mitochondrial DNA\`
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NIBIN
\-bullets and shell casings
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CODIS
\-enables state, local, and federal crime labs to compare and exchange profiles
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PDQ
\-automobile paint
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SICAR
\-shoe prints
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IAFIS
\-fingerprints from an arrested individual
\-fingerprints from background checks
\-crime scene latent prints
\-fingerprints from background checks
\-crime scene latent prints
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NamUs
\-missing and unidentified persons
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FISH
\-handwriting and documents
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NGI
\-replaced IAFIS
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GEDmatch
\-uses geneology sites
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transient evidence
temporary evidence
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transfer evidence
produced by contact between persons
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associative evidence
items that may associate a victim or suspect with a scene or each other
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testimonial evidence
evidence in the form of testimony under oath in court
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pattern evidence
produced by direct contact between persons/objects
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conditional evidence
produced by specific event or action
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role of jury
\-to determine if the amount of physical evidence is enough to prove an individual guilty or innocent
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rigor mortis
chemical changes in the muscles that causes them to become rigid/stiff
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livor mortis
settling of blood in areas of the body closest to the ground
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What can livor mortis tell you?
\-reveals whether someone was moved after death
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algor mortis
body temperature continually cools until it reaches ambient temperature
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coroner
an elected official without a medical degree that is unable to perform an autopsy
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medical examiner
an appointed official with a medical degree that is able to perform an autopsy
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blunt force
caused by non-sharpened objects
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sharp force
occur from weapons with sharp edges
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asphyxia
interference with intake of oxygen
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gunshot wound
injury due to a firearm
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substance abuse
overdose or misuse of drugs
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natural death
death caused by diseases and environmental abuse
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homicidal death
death resulting from grossly negligent, reckless, or intentional actions of another person
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suicidal death
an individual takes their own life with lethal intention
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undetermined death
when a rational classification cannot be determined\`
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accidental death
death without any intent to cause harm through your negligence on part of perpetrator or victim
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Characteristics of Asian skulls (3)
\-circular eye orbits
\-small and round nasal cavity
\-flat frontal plane
\-small and round nasal cavity
\-flat frontal plane
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Characteristics of European skulls (2)
\-oval eye orbit
\-long and narrow nasal cavity
\-long and narrow nasal cavity
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Characteristics of African skulls (3)
\-square eye orbit
\-wide nasal cavity
\-pronounced frontal plane
\-wide nasal cavity
\-pronounced frontal plane
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Characteristics of Female skull (4)
\-smaller
\-smaller eye sockets
\-narrow jaws
\-smooth frontal
\-smaller eye sockets
\-narrow jaws
\-smooth frontal
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Characteristics of Male skull (4)
\-larger
\-larger eye sockets
\-square jaw
\-pronounced mastoid process
\-larger eye sockets
\-square jaw
\-pronounced mastoid process
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Characteristics of Female pelvis (4)
\-wider
\-circular
\-U shaped
\-pubic angle greater than 90 degrees
\-circular
\-U shaped
\-pubic angle greater than 90 degrees
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Characteristics of Male pelvis (4)
\-narrow
\-V shaped
\-pubic angle less than 90 degrees
\-curved coccyx
\-V shaped
\-pubic angle less than 90 degrees
\-curved coccyx
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PMI (post-mortem interval)
the length of time that has elapsed since a person died
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What bones are measured to determine height?
\-long bones