apush review (all units)

PERIOD 1: 1491-1607

Exploration began because

Europeans were searching for sea routes to make trade with Asia easier

Trading-Post Empire

Portuguese trading posts established around Africa

Result of Spanish reconquest of Iberian Peninsula

Urge to spread Catholic Christianity + seek new economic opportunities in East

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of people, plants, animals, and diseases between the east and the west

Items delivered to Europe through Columbian Exchange

Potatoes, tomatoes, maize, turkey, gold, silver

Items delivered to America through Columbian Exchange

Wheat, rice, soybeans, cattle, pigs, horses, enslaved Africans, smallpox

Impact of Columbian Exchange

Transfer of dieases led to huge loss of indigenous population + racially mixed populations + population growth

The wealth Europeans found in America shifted their economies from

feudalism to capitalism

Feudalism

Peasants would live and work on the land of a noble in exchange for their protection

Capitalism

Economic system based on private ownership and free exchange

Joint-limited liability organizations

Many investors would fund a single venture. Failure meant no big consequences for anyone but all shared the profits if the venture succeeded. Helped to fund exploration

Encomienda system

In this system established by the Spanish, The Spanish crown would grant land to Spaniards (which would be worked by enslaved natives) if those Spaniards promised to convert their Native slaves to Christianity.

Issues with encomienda system

Natives often resisted and tried to escape slavery and died from smallpox

Why the encomienda system was replaced with African slaves

African slaves were unfamiliar with the geography in America which would make it harder to run away, and because of past interactions with Europeans had better immunity to smallpox and other diseases

Casta system

A Spanish class system based on racial ancestry where enslaved Africans and natives were on the bottom (natives lower than Africans)

How native Americans and Europeans helped each other

Natives taught Europeans to hunt and farm maize, and received iron tools and weapons in return

Pueblo Revolt

When the Spanish attempted to end practices inconsistent with Christianity, the Pueblo Indians rebelled and expelled the Spanish for 10+ years. The Spanish eventually began to advocate for the religious assimilation of natives.

Sepulveda

Believed natives were less than human and benefitted from hard labor conditions

Bartolome De Las Casas

Came to believe in unfairness of enslaving the native peoples of a region; persuaded king to pass laws ending slavery of natives

PERIOD TWO: 1607-1754

British motivations for colonization

Inflation of economy at home b/c of wars, enclosure movement taking land from lowre classes. New eco. opportunities in the colonies, religious freedom, improved living conditions

Jamestown

Founded in 1607, seeked profit in gold and silver rather than farming, for that reason disease and famine killed most

Indentured servants

In order to gain passage into the New World, wouild sign labor contract requiring usually 7 years of labor to repay it

Bacon’s Rebellion

Because government refused to send troops to stop natives from raiding colonists’ farms, Nathaniel Bacon led farmers/indentured servants to attack natives and burn plantations. Led to rise of slavery

Puritans

Moved to New World to pursue religious freedom/purify church of England. Influenced by Calvinism + idea of predestination. Seperatists, led by John Wintrhop (“city upon a hill.”)

Mayflower Compact

Signed aboard the Mayflower, the Pilgrims agreed to submit to their government (consent of the governed--social contract). Early sucessful attempt at democracy/self-government.

House of Burgesses

In Virginia, a legislative assembly able to levy taxes and pass laws, though dominated by elite classes

Triangular atlantic trade

Rum from colonies, slaves from West Africa, sugarcane from West Indies

Mercantilism

Maintaining favorable balance of trade (out and in balanced)

Navigation Acts

Merchants had to trade with English colonists and English-owned ships, and certain items had to pass through British ports. Resulted in massive wealth for elites and seaports becoming thriving urban centers

Middle Passage

3 million slaves shipped on crowded boats from West Africa to the New World

Covert slave resistance

Slaves continued cultural treditions + belief systems, ruined seeds, broke tools, faked illness

Stono Rebellion

Slaves stole weapons and marched down Stono river, burning plantations and killing whites

Metacom’s War (King Philip’s War)

Metacom, son of previous Wampanoag chief Massasoit, resisted tensions building bc of colonial encroachment by attacking white settlements to force British out. British alllied w/ other tribes and won the war. Reinforced the idea of natives as savages and colonist encroachment on Native American land continued.

Key Enlightenment ideas

Natural rights (Locke), separation of powers (Montesquieu), social contract (Hobbes)

First Great Awakening

1730s-40s; John Edwards combined Enlightenment ideas with religous fervor; George Whitfield preached and spread salvation throughout the colonies; emphasized on democratic tendencies in the Bible--began to stir colonial resistance.

Impressement

Colonial men were seized and forced to serve in royal navy

PERIOD THREE: 1754-1800

French and Indian War

Part of Seven Years' War; between the British/their colonists vs. French and their Indian allies encroaching on British land

Albany Plan of Union

Plan proposed by Ben Franklin that called for a centralized government for the colonists; was refused because the taxation required to support this plan would be too great

Treaty ending the French and Indian War

Peace of Paris in 1763

Results of French and Indian War

French removed from North American continent, while the British double their North American land holdings. Colonists also expanded west, resulting in more confrontations with Indians. British debt doubled.

Royal Proclamation of 1763

Set the Appalachian Mountains as the western barrier for colonists

Quartering Act of 1765

Imperial troops would be stationed in the colonies, and colonists would be required to feed/house them if the soldiers demanded it

Stamp Act Congress

Reaction to 1765 Stamp Act; petition to repeal taxation b/c taxation without representation “tyranny”

British reaction to Stamp Act Congress

Repealed Sugar Act and Stamp Act but also passed Declatory Act, affirming their right to pass any law they wanted in the colonies

Townshend Acts

1767 \-- Taxed paper, glass, tea. Protested by colonists from all levels of society, primarily though boycotts

Boston Massacre

1770: Colonists threw snowballs at royal troops. Troops began shooting, leaving 11 colonists wounded and 4 dead. Samuel Adams spread engraving of the event that lifted the blame from colonists’ shoulders.

Intolerable Acts

Originally called Coercive Acts. Closed the Boston harbor and enforced the Quartering Act

Battle of Saratoga

Victory and turning point in the war, boosting morale and convincing French to assist colonists

Battle of Yorktown

1781--British defeat and surrender

Articles of Confederation

Ratified in 1781. Focused on states’ rights; limmited the power of rhe central government. Only legislative branch--no executive or judicial--and no provisions for a national military or power for federal taxing.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Planned how unformed territories could be occupied and later become states. Also abolished slavery in these territories.

Shays’ Rebellion

After Rev. War, farmers in debt. Daniel Shays gathered militia of 100 and tried to stop debt collectors, but were defeated by local militia. Displayed weakness of AoC: no president and no national army.

Constitutional Convention of 1787

Originally to revise the Articles, but later changed to create a new Constitution

Federalists

Urban and commercial, they believed in a strong central government. Ex.: Hamilton.

Anti-Federalists

Rural, they believed in the power of the states. Ex. Jefferson.

Virginia Plan

Representation in legislative branch based on population. Benefitted big states.

New Jersey Plan

Representation in legislative branch based equal for all states. Benefitted small states.

Great Compromise

House of Representatives based on population, while in Senate all states would have the same number of votes.

Whiskey Rebellion

1794--Angry farmers attacked tax collectors to protest tax on alcoholic beerage. Federalized state militias crushed the rebellion.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Asserted states’ rights of nullification after Alien and Sedition Acts

PERIOD 4: 1800-1848

Political parties + main issues

Democratic-Republicans vs. Federalists

American relations with foreign powers and scope of American federal power

Barbary Wars

US paid Barbary pirates for protection of American ships. When Jefferson tried to discontinue this practice, the pirates started attacking ships, forcing Jefferson to send the navy to retaliate. Later a reduced payment was negotiated.

Strict Constructionism

Federal government only has the power that is explicitly stated in the Constutition (Democratic-Republicans)

Louisiana Purchase motivation

Gain navigation rights on Mississippi River

Jefferson’s reasoning for Louisiana Purchase

Indians could be removed further westward + would cut European influence off from region, open up trading, yeoman farmers

*Marbury V. Madison*

Judicial review---Supreme Court as final interpreter of the Constitution

*McCulloch v. Maryland*

Federal law trumps state law

Causes of War of 1812

US wanted to remain neurtal in conflict between Britain and France, but American ships kept getting seized + problems with Native Americans that British were blamed for + Impressment continued even after independence

Hartford Convention

1814 --- Federalists debated War of 1812 + how best to end it

Effects of War of 1812

American nationalism + Demise of Federalist party + weakness because of lack of national bank and infrastructure/transportation

Henry Clay’s American System

1. Federally funded internal improvements (vetoed by Madison b/c expanded fed power/disadvantaged South)
2. Implementation of protective tarriffs
3. Expanded Bank of U.S.

Missouri Compromise

1820 --- Missouri’s admission as a free state would uspet balance between free/slave states. So was admitted as slave state, Maine admitted as free state, 36\*30’ line determined slave and free states.

Adams-Onis treaty (1819)

Sold Florida to US + established southern border

Monroe Doctrine

Establised Western hemisphere as US sphere of influence free from European influence

Market Revolution

Linked northern indutries with western and southern farms; created by advances in agriculture, industry, communication, transportation

New Market Revolution technologies

* Cotton gin (Eli Whitney)
* Spinning jenny
* Interchangeable parts
* Steamboats (travel upriver + downriver)
* Canals
* Railroads

American system of manufacturing

Water powered machines & division of labor into small, repeatable tasks performed by unskilled labors →mass production

Cult of domesticity

A woman’s identity/purpose revoled around childbearing + homemaking while a man’s place was at work---separate spheres

Panic of 1819 causes

Irresponsible baking practices + decreased demand for exports

Panic of 1819 effects

Working men demanded the franchise

Tarriff of 1828/Tarriff of Abominations

Raised import duties up to 50%. Protected North manufacturers + West farmers, but Southerners hated it.

John C. Calhoun & Nullification

South Carolina nullified the Tarriff of Abominations and threatened to secede from the Union

Force Act

Jackson persuaded Congress to pass this. Federal troops could be sent to authorize federal law (South Carolina nullified)

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Forced Native Americans out of their lands and to Oklahoma

Worcester v Georgia

When Cherokee refused to resettle across the Miss. River, they sued. Ruling: Cherokee was soverign nation + Georgia did not have the right to impose state laws within their boundaries

Treaty of New Echota

Exchanged Cherokee land in Georgia for reservation territory west of Mississippi River. Signed by group of Cherokee w/ no tribal authority

Oneida

NY utopian community, founded 1848. Second coming of Christ already occured, imperfect equality, complex marriage, communal livingG

Second Great Awakening

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

1831---VA slave revolt, killed 50 whites, increased fear of slave uprising

UNIT 5: 1844-1877

California Gold Rush

Miners flooded North California after reports of the discovery of gold at Sutter’s Mill in Jan. 1848. Caused CA to apply for statehood in 1849.

Mormon Migration

Persecuted for the practive of polygamy, the Mormons, led by Brigham Young, the Mormons moved west among the Oregon Trail and settled on the Great Salt Lake.

Homestead Act

Offered 160 acres of public land to settlers who moved west. Promoted yeoman farming in the West rather than plantations

Mexican-American War Causes

Texan independence from Mexico in 1836 & becoming the Lone Star Republic. Disputed southern border in 1846. Polk sends troops into this disputed area, shots are fired & Polk uses this to declare war. Miss. Compromise meant more free land in US than land for slavery; Southerners put presssure to extend slavery past Louisiana.

Spot Resolution

Polk reported 16 casualties on “American soil.” When Lincoln asked him to point out where the bloodshed happened, it was revealed that the bloodshed happened on disputed territory. Lincoln hoped to avoid war with Mexico but this failed.

Mexican-American War Consequences

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo ended the war and gave America CA, NM, AZ, TX.