KINESIOL 1Y03 - Modules 7-12 and Lab 1

three factors of tissue classification

structure of cell, function of cell and extracellular matrix

epithelial tissue

has many cells, tightly packed and little-to-no extracellular matrix

connective tissue

has fewer cells, loosely scattered and contain large amounts of extracellular matrix

epithelium functions

protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, sensory reception

three surfaces of epithelium

apical, basal and lateral surfaces

basement membrane location

between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue

basement membrane function

attaches epithelium to connective tissue, acts as an acellular glue

basement membrane - how is it formed?

formed by secretions of epithelial and connective tissue

epithelium classifications

simple, stratified and pseudo-stratified

simple epithelium

a single layer of cells

stratified epithelium

more than one layer of cells, not all contact basement membrane

pseudo-stratified epithelium

a single layer of cells, appear to be more than one layer, not all cells are visible at apical layer, but all cells contact basement membrane

simple epithelium function

flitration, secretion, absorption, diffusion

stratified epithelium function

protection

psuedo-stratified epithelium function

secrete and move mucus

epithelium surface shapes

squamous, cuboidal and columnar`

squamous epithelium shape

flat and scale-like

squamous epithelium function

diffusion and filtration

cuboidal epithelium shape

cube shaped

cuboidal epithelium function

secretion and absorption

columnar epithelium shape

rectangular, taller than wide

columnar epithelium function

secretion and absorption

what is the difference between squamous, cuboidal and columnar epithelium, besides their difference and shape and variation in function?

cuboidal and columnar epithelium could contain goblet cells, depending on their location. whereas squamous epithelium cannot contain goblet cells

simple squamous epithelium function

diffusion, filtration, secretion

simple squamous epithelium location

lining of blood cells, alveoli of lungs, Bowman's capsule of the kidney and serous lining of cavities/organs

simple cuboidal epithelium function

secretion and absorption

simple cuboidal epithelium location

kidney tubules, glands, ducts and surface of the ovaries

simple columnar epithelium function

transportation, secretion and absorption

pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium function

synthesize and secrete muscus, transportation, absorption and protection

stratified squamous epithelium types

keratinized and nonkeratinized

stratified squamous epithelium function

protection

stratified squamous epithelium location

skin, mouth, throat, esophagus, anus and vagina

transitional epithelium function

accommodates fluctuations of fluids in an organ/tubule and protection

transitional epithelium location

lining of the urinary system

glands composition

epithelium and connective tissue

glands function

secretion

what are the two types of glands?

endocrine and exocrine

endocrine gland function

secretion within the body, no open contact or ducts with exterior of body

exocrine gland

secretion for outside the body, contains open contact/ducts to the exterior of body

connective tissue functions

encloses organs, connects tissues, support, movement, storage, cushioning and insulation, transportation and protection

mast cell function

secretes heparin for inflammatory responses

macrophage function

engulf and digest debris

macrophage is a derivative of a _________/

monocyte

monocyte

white blood cell

what are the three suffixes to describe connective tissue?

blast, clast and cyte

-blast cells

forms matrix

-clast cells

breaks down and remodels matrix

-cyte cells

maintain matrix

what is the extracellular matrix made of?

protein fibers and ground substance

collagenous protein fibres characteristics

most common protein in the body, strong, flexible and inelastic

reticular protein fibres characteristics

fill spaces between organs and tissues, some form branching networks

elastic protein fibres characteristics

return to original shape after distention, contain elastin and resemble coiled springs

ground substance composition

hyaluronic acid, proteoglycan, glycosaminoglycans

ground substance forms

fluid, semi-fluid, gelatinous and calcified

connective tissue proper characteristics

loose, fewer fibres, more ground substance

connective tissue proper types

areolar, adipose, reticular, dense regular, dense irregular and elastic

supporting connective tissue

bone and cartilage

fluid connective tissue

blood

loose areolar connective issue

loose packing material of most organs and tissues, attaches skin to underlying tissue

adipose tissue

specialized for storage of fats and energy, protects and supports organs and provides insulation

dense regular collagenous connective tissue

abundant collagen organized in strands to resist stretching

dense irregular collagenous connective tissue

abundant collagen organized in random networks

dense regular collagenous connective tissue examples

tendons and ligaments

dense irregular collagenous connective tissue examples

dermis, scars and capsules of the kidney and spleen

dense regular elastic connective tissue

Mostly parallel-oriented elastic fibers with randomly oriented collagen fibers

dense regular elastic connective tissue location

vocal cords and nuchal ligamen

dense irregular elastic connective tissue

bundles and sheets of collagen and elastic fibres oriented in different directions, contains mistly elastic fibres

dense irregular elastic connective tissue location

walls of elastic arteries

what are the two main divisions of the nervous system in terms of function?

sensory and motor

sensory nervous system AKA-

afferent

sensory nervous system

senses both internal and external change through sensory receptors

motor nervous system AKA-

efferent

motor nervous system

respond to stimuli, take information from receptors and provide a response

integrative nervous system

analyze incoming sensory information, store some aspects and make decisions regarding appropriate behaviours

two divisions of the nervous system

peripheral nervous system and central nervous system

what are the components of the central nervous system?

brain and spinal cord

what are the components of the peripheral nervous system?

sensory receptors and nerves

nerve

a bundle of axons and their sheaths that connect the CNS to sensory receptors, glands and muscles

True or False - there are 12 pairs of cranial nerves

True

True or False - there are 12 pairs of spinal nerves

False

True or False - there are 31 pairs of cranial nerves

False

True or False - there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves

True

True or False - all nerves are bilateral

True

somatic nervous system

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles

what type or neuron system is the somatic nervous system?

single neuron system

autonomic nervous system

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

what are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

what are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

sympathetic and parasympathetic

enteric nervous system

the nervous system of the digestive tract

neuron

receive stimuli and transmit action potential

neuron consists of:

a cell body (soma), dendrites and axons

glial cells

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons

True or False - glial cells are considered to be neural cells

False

dendrite

the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

axon

the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands

how is axonal transportation conducted?

through the utilization of vesicles

interneuron

within the CNS from one neuron to another

what are the three structural classifications of neurons?

unipolar, bipolar and multipolar

multipolar neuron

a neuron that contains many dendrites, but one axon

bipolar neuron

a neuron that contains one dendrite and one axon