Developmental Psychology

Developmental Psychology

The study of the changes that occur in people's abilities and behaviors as they age is known as...

Lifespan developmental psychologist

A type of Developmental psychologist that study humans from birth to death are known as...

Child Development psychologists

A type of Developmental psychologist that focus on a particular earlier portion of the typical life span are known as...

Maturationists

Psychologists that emphasize the role of genetically programmed growth and development on the body are known as...

Environmentalists

Psychologists that believe more complex behaviors and cognition develop because it acquires more associations through learning and not genetics are known as...

Rousseau

A famous example of someone who believes "nature" is more involved with development than "nurture" is...

Watson

A famous example of someone who believes "nurture" is more involved with development than "nature" is...

Maturation

Biological readiness is known as...

Continuity

\______ refers to development being a gradual process and there are few, if any, dramatic shifts in development.

Discontinuity

\______ refers to having specific stages in development especially with cognitive and moral development.

Critical Period

A time during which a skill or ability must develop; if the ability does not develop during that time, it probably will never develop or at least will not develop as well is known as...

Collectivist culture

A culture where the needs of the society are placed before the needs of the individual is known as...

Individualists culture

A culture where personal needs are promoted above the needs of society is known as...

Normative development

The typical sequence of developmental changes for a group of people is called...

Cross-sectional study

Developmental research method where a slice of the population at a given time is studied (so people of different ages compared to one another) is called...

Longitudinal study

Developmental research method where a certain group of participants are followed over time (So same people restudied and retested over a long period of time) is called....

Cohort effect

When conducting cross-sectional studies, psychologists need to beware the \_____ or taking into account people born at different time periods differ in ways that are unique to their age group.

Zygote

A fertilized egg is known as...

Germinal stage

Which stage in the physical development of a baby is characterized by the zygote undergoing cell division, expanding to sixty-four cells, and implanting itself in the uterine wall?

Embryonic stage

Which physical development stage lasts until the beginning of the third month and is when the organs form?

Fetal stage

Which physical development stage has sexual differentiation occurring, movement begins to develop, and the unborn baby is susceptible to teratogens?

Teratogens

External substances (like chemicals and viruses) that invade the womb and cause birth defects are known as...

Fetal Alcohol syndrome

Children who are born with facial abnormalities, including smaller eye openings, flattened cheekbones, and indistinct philtrum (an underdeveloped groove between the nose and the upper lip) and with mental disabilities due to alcohol consumption by the mother during the pregnancy are said to have...

Neonates

Newborn babies are called...

Reflexes

Specific, inborn, automatic responses to certain specific stimuli are...

Sucking reflex

Which innate reflex occurs when an object is placed into the baby's mouth and the infant will automatically suck on it?

Orienting reflex

Which innate reflex occurs when babies orient themselves to sudden changes in their surroundings, like loud noises?

Palmar reflex

Which reflex occurs when babies will try to grasp an object with their fingers or toes if an object is placed into a baby's palm or foot pad?

Moro reflex

Which reflex occurs when babies will fling their limbs out and then quickly retract them when startled?

Babinski reflex

Which reflex occurs when babies will spread their toes when their foot is stroked?

Sweet sugar water

In terms of stereotyped ingestive responses, babies will reflexively suck which of the following tastes?

Reflexive movement stage

Which stage of motor development involves primitive, involuntary movements that serve to "prime" the neuromuscular system and form the basis for the more sophisticated movements?

Rudimentary movement stage

Which stage of motor development involves the first voluntary movement performed by a child that occur usually in very predictable stages from birth to age 2 and include rolling, sitting, crawling, standing, and walking and is primarily dictated by genetics?

Fundamental movement stage

Which stage of motor development occurs from age 2 to 7 where the child is learning to manipulate his or her body through actions such as running, jumping, throwing, and catching and is highly influenced by environment?

Specialized movement stage

Which stage of motor development has children learn to combine the fundamental movements and apply them to specific tasks and is also divided into two shorter stages?

Transitional substage

Which substage of motor development involves combining movements like grasping, jumping, and throwing together to perform specific actions in organized sports?

Application substage

Which substage of motor development involves the conscious decisions to apply these skills to specific types of activity?

Puberty

The period of sexual maturation during which a person becomes capable of reproducing is known as...

Life long application movement stage

Which is the last stage of motor development where movements are continually refined and applied to normal daily activities as well as recreational and competitive activities?

Jean Piaget

Which of the following created a stage theory that details the cognitive development of humans?

Equilibration

Piaget believed cognitive development came about due to \___ or the child's attempt to reach a balance between what the child encounters in the environment and what cognitive structures the child brings to the situation.

Schematas

According to Piaget, the rules/categories we use to interpret the world are known as...

Assimilation

Most information (our experiences), according to Piaget, is incorporated into existing categories in a process called...

Accommodate

According to Piaget, when something does not fit the existing categories we must...

Sensorimotor

Which cognitive stage would Piaget say you are in if you are going through assimilation and accommodation, working on reflexive reactions and circular reactions, and mastering object permanence?

Object permanence

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived is known as...

Preoperational

Which cognitive stage would Piaget say you are in when you learn to use language but do not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic; believe in animism and artificialism; and are egocentric?

Animism

When you believe everything is alive it is referred to as \___ by Piaget.

Artificialism

When you believe everything is made by humans, you are exhibiting \___ according to Piaget.

Egocentrism

When you look at the world from your own perspective and no one else's, you are exhibiting \___ according to Piaget.

Concrete Operational

Which cognitive stage would Piaget say you are in when you grasp the conservation concept and reversibility?

Conservation

The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and numbers remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects is known as...

Formal operational

Which cognitive stage would Piaget say you are in when you grasp the hypothetical/abstract and introspection with metacognition?

Metacognition

The ability to think about the way we think is known as...

Reversitbility

Being able to reverse your thinking back to a starting point of a mental operation is known as...

Theory of mind

What develops around age 4 that allows children to understand that other people see the world differently than they do?

Lev Vygotsky

Who stressed social factors as critical to the cognitive developmental process (as opposed to biological maturation) and believed much of development occurs by internationalization and the concept of a zone of proximal development?

Internalization

The absorption of knowledge into the self from environmental and social contexts, according to Vygotsky, is known as....

Zone of proximal development

The range between the developed level of ability that a child displays (actual) and the potential level of ability of which the child is actually capable, according to Vygotsky, is known as...

Wisdom

A form of insight into life situations and conditions that results in good judgements about difficult life problems is known as...

Erik Erikson

Which of the following developed the Psychosocial Stage Theory that was the first to focus on development as an entire life-span process?

Harry Harlow

Which of the following did research with monkeys in the 1950s and discovered "contact comfort?"

John Bowlby

Which of the following is known as the father of attachment theory and pioneered the psychoanalytic view that early experiences in childhood have an important influence on development and behavior later in life?

Mary Ainsworth

Which of the following believed attachment is shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation when placed in "strange situations?"

Secure attachment

When a child confidently explores the novel environment while the parents are present, are distressed when they leave, and come to their parents when they return, they are said to have...

Avoidant attachment

When a child resists being held by the parents and will explore the novel environment and they do not go to the parents for comfort when they return after an absence, they are said to have...

Anxious/Ambivalent attachment

When a child has ambivalent reactions to the parents where they may show extreme stress when the parents leave but resist being comforted by them when they return, they are said to have...

Disorganized attachment

When a child has an erratic relationship with the primary caregiver and with other adult, they are said to have...

Konrad Lorenz

Which of the following stressed that animal attachment is formed during a critical period VERY early in life by something biologically called imprinting?

Diana Baumrind

Which of the following did research in parenting styles since parent's interaction with their children definitely has an influence on the way we develop?

Authoritarian

Which parenting style sets strict standards for their children's behavior and apply punishments for violations of these rules; value obedient attitudes over rationale of rules; use punishment more than reinforcement?

Permissive

Which parenting style does not set clear guidelines for their children; The rules that do exist in the family are constantly changed or are not enforced consistently?

Authoritative

Which parenting style has set, consistent standards for their children's behavior, but the standards are reasonable and explained; rationale for rules discussed with children; praise as often as they punish?

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross

Which of the following developed five discrete stages or process by which people deal with grief and tragedy, especially when diagnosed with a terminal illness or catastrophic loss?

Lawrence Kohlberg

Which of the following described how our ability to reason about ethical situations changed over our lives by asking children, adolescents, and adults about a specific moral dilemma - the Heinz dilemma - and analyzed their answers for evidence of stages of moral thinking?

Preconventional

Which stage of moral development is one in when disobedience \= punishment; where moral reasoning is limited to how the choice affects themselves?

Conventional

Which stage of moral development is one in when you can look at the moral choice through other's eyes. Make decisions based on how others will view them; learn standards of what is right and wrong from parents, peers, media?

Postconventional

Which stage of moral development is one in when there is moral reasoning; self-defined ethical principles; morality of societal rules are examined rather than blindly accepted?

Trust vs Mistrust

Which stage in the Psychosocial stages: "basic crisis at this stage is the infant's hope that someone will care for him or her versus a fear of abandonment?"

Autonomy vs Shame

Which stage in the Psychosocial stages: "basic crisis at this stage is the toddler's assertion of independence through exploring and testing limits versus feeling ashamed for maintaining her or his independence?"

Initiative vs Guilt

Which stage in the Psychosocial stages: "basic crisis is developing an ability to initiate one's own activity and see those activities through?"

Industry vs Inferiority

Which stage in the Psychosocial stages: "basic crisis is to learn the culture's skills, usually in school, where constant testing against peers gives a basis for feelings of competency or lack of it?"

Identity vs Role Confusion

Which stage in the Psychosocial stages: "basic crisis centers on the question, "Who am I?"

Intimacy vs Isolation

Which stage in the Psychosocial stages: "basic crisis is over committing to a close relationship and sharing with others?"

Generativity vs Stagnation

Which stage in the Psychosocial stages: "basic crisis focuses on a need to accomplish things and a concern for establishing and guiding the next generation?"

Ego Integrity vs Despair

Which stage in the Psychosocial stages: "Acceptance of the life one has lived without major regrets for what could or should have been done differently?"

Rousseau

A famous example of someone who believes "nature" is more involved with development than "nurture" is...

Watson

A famous example of someone who believes "nurture" is more involved with development than "nature" is...

Jean Piaget

Which of the following created a stage theory that details the cognitive development of humans?

Lev Vygotsky

Who stressed social factors as critical to the cognitive developmental process (as opposed to biological maturation) and believed much of development occurs by internationalization and the concept of a zone of proximal development?

Erik Erikson

Which of the following developed the Psychosocial Stage Theory that was the first to focus on development as an entire life-span process?

Harry Harlow

Which of the following did research with monkeys in the 1950s and discovered "contact comfort?"

John Bowlby

Which of the following is known as the father of attachment theory and pioneered the psychoanalytic view that early experiences in childhood have an important influence on development and behavior later in life?

Mary Ainsworth

Which of the following believed attachment is shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation when placed in "strange situations?"

Konrad Lorenz

Which of the following stressed that animal attachment is formed during a critical period VERY early in life by something biologically called imprinting?

Diana Baumrind

Which of the following did research in parenting styles since parent's interaction with their children definitely has an influence on the way we develop?

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross

Which of the following developed five discrete stages or process by which people deal with grief and tragedy, especially when diagnosed with a terminal illness or catastrophic loss?

Lawrence Kohlberg

Which of the following describes how our ability to reason about ethical situations changed over our lives by asking children, adolescents, and adults about a specific moral dilemma - the Heinz dilemma - and analyzed their answers for evidence of stages of moral thinking?

Rousseau

A famous example of someone who believes "nature" is more involved with development than "nurture" is...

Watson

A famous example of someone who believes "nurture" is more involved with development than "nature" is...