BIOL243-EXAM 1 NOTES

what is physiology?

FUNCTION of the body parts and how they work

what is anatomy?

FORM, the structure of body parts and how they work together

Structural Organization- Chemical level

atoms, molecules, and organelles

Structural Organization-Cellular level

 single cell

Structural Organization- Tissue level

groups of similar cells

Structural Organization-Organ level

contains two or more types of tissue

Structural Organization-Organ system

organs that work closely together

Structural Organization- Organism level

all organ systems combined to make the whole organism

Requirements for Life-Maintaining boundaries

Separation between internal and external environment must exists

Requirements for Life-Movement

muscular system allow movements

Requirements for Life-Responsiveness

ability to sense and respond to stimuli

Requirements for Life- Digestion

breakdown of ingested foodstuffs, followed by absorption of simple molecules into blood

Requirements for Life- Metabolism

all chemical reactions that occur in body cells. Sum of all catabolism

Requirements for Life- Excretion

removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion. Urea, carbon dioxide, feces. 

Requirements for Life-Reproduction

at the cellular level, reproduction involves division of cells from growth or repair. At the organismal level. Reproduction is the production of offspring. 

Requirements for Life-Growth

increase in size of body part or of organism

Survival Needs- **Nutrients**

chemicals for energy and cell building

Survival Needs-**Oxygen**

essential for release of energy from foods

Survival Needs-**Water**

most abundant chemical in body; provides the watery environment needed for chemical reactions

Survival Needs-**Normal body temperature**

if body temp falls below or hoes about 37 degrees celsius rates of chemical reactions are affected

Survival Needs- **Appropriate atmospheric pressure**

 specific pressure of air is needed for adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs. (SHELTER IS NOT NEEDED FOR SURVIVAL)

homeostasis sensor

Monitor internal and external environment and they respond to stimuli 

homeostasis errertor

receive output from control center, provide the means to respond, Response either reduced stimulus( negative feedback ) or enhances stimulus (positive feedback)

homeostasis controller

 determine set point at which a variable is maintains and receive input from the sensor 

negative feedback mechanism

most common, examples are insulin regulating blood sugar and kidneys regulating electrolyte balance

Positive feedback mechanisms

very rare in the body, examples are labor through release of oxytocin and platelet recruitment/clotting after injury

Sagittal plane

plits body into right/left sections 

Midsagittal plane

cuts body into equal right and left parts

Parasagittal plane

cut was off centers such as arm

Frontal/coronal plane

splits body into ventral/dorsal sections

Transverse plane

splits body into superior/inferior sections

Dorsal cavity

cranial and vertebral

Ventral cavity

thoracic and abdominopelvic

Serous fluid

prevents friction between membranes

Pleural membrane

lungs

peritoneal membrane

abdominopelvic cavity 

pericardial membrane

heart

what are the exposed cavities?

nasal, orbital oral, and middle ear cavities 

Monomer of carbohydrates

simple sugars like glucose

Monomer of lipids

fatty acids, glycerols

Monomer of proteins

amino acids

Monomer of nucleic acids

nucleotides

elements of Carbohydrates

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (cho)

elements of lipids

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

elements of Proteins

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes S

elements of Nucleic Acids

CHONP carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and p

Functions of Carbohydrates

First source of energy, can be stored as glycogen in animals and starch in plants

Functions of lipids

long-term energy storage, insulation, cushioning, steroids

Functions of proteins

movement, structure, transport, hormones, enzymes

Functions of nucleic acids

store and transmit genetic info

Types of carbohydrates

glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin

Types of lipids

phospholipids, triglycerides (saturated/unsaturated fats), steroids like cholesterol, hormones

Types of proteins

 globular and fibrous

Types of nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

Saturated fats are____ at room temp

solid

unsaturated fats are______ at room temp

Liquid

Enzymes

they speed up the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy at which reactions occur, require specific temperature and pH to function (could perhaps expect a figure/graph related to this)

when do Denaturation occur

when ph or temp is changed

DNA is what kind of strand?

Double Stranded

RNA is what kids of strand?

single stranded

DNA contains what nitrogen bases

A,T,C,G

RNA contains what nitrogen bases

A,U,C,G

what is mRNA

messenger RNA, intermediate between DNA and protein

what is rRNA

ribosomal RNA, part of ribosome complex

what is tRNA

transfer RNA, recruit specific amino acids to ribosome during translation

ATP is composed of what?

adenine+ribose (adenosine) and 3 (tri) phosphate groups, it is also cellular energy

 what forms when one phosphate group is lost from atp?

ADP

 what forms when two phosphate group is lost from app?

AMP

Prokaryotic cells have

No nucleus

eukaryotic cells have

One or more nuclues

Ribosomes

 Protein synthesis, found in RER and in cytosol

Cell membrane/plasma membrane

semi-permeable barrier between inside/outside, transport

Mitochondria

Metabolic activities including cellular respiration (produce ATP)

Nucleus

contains DNA, site of DNA replication and transportation

Golgi Apparatus

 protein packaging for transport (usually out of the cell)

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

dotted with ribosomes(rough), functions in protein synthesis

Lysosome

sac containing enzymes to breakdown and recycle biomolecule

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

synthesis lipids, metabolizes carbs, clears drugs/toxins

Phospholipids

* Polar heads that are hydrophilic
* Nonpolar tails that are hydrophobic
* Form a phospholipid bilayer

Proteins- Integral (transmembrane)

embedded in membrane and span all the away across from inside cell to outside

Peripheral

attached to the outside or inside of the cell

Cholesterol

* Form steroid hormones
* Regulate fluidity of cell membrane – more cholesterol = more rigid

Fluid Mosaic Model

Parts of the membrane are freely moving (front/back, side to side, can rotate but cannot flip without flippase/floppase/scramblase enzymes)

does Passive Transport require atp?

NO

does active Transport require ATP?

YES

Simple Diffusion

movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration down a concentration gradient

Osmosis

 movement of WATER molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration down a concentration gradient

Facilitated Diffusion

Proteins (channel or carrier) are used to move molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration down a concentration gradient

Transport proteins

use of proteins to move molecules from an area of __low__ concentration to an area of __high__ concentration __against__ a concentration gradient

Endocytosis

movement of large materials into the cell

Exocytosis

movement of large materials out of the cell

Hemidesmosome

Attaches cell to basal lamina of ECM

Desmosome

Attaches cell to cell and provides elasticity

Adherens Junction

Attaches cell to cell with a stable anchoring point

Tight Junction

Attaches cell to cell, prevents paracellular diffusion

Gap Junction

Attaches cell to cell and establishes a passageway

Central Dogma

turns DNA to mRNA to proteins

Transcription

converting DNA into mRNA

Translation

converting mRNA into proteins

how many layers does a simple cell type have?

one