Anat

Buccal

Cheek

Oris

Mouth

Mentis

Chin

Axilla

Armpit

Brachium

Arm

Antebrachium

forearm

Carpus

Wrist

Pollex

Thumb

Palmar

Palm

Digits

Fingers

Patella

Kneecap

Crus

Leg

Tarsus

Ankle

Halux

Great toe

Umbilicus

Navel

Mamma

Breast

Otic

Ear

Dorsum

Back

Olecranon

Back of elbow

Gluteus

Buttocks

Popliteus

Back of knee

Calcaneous

Heel of foot

Plantus

Sole of foot

Cephalon

Head

Cervicis

Neck

Thorax

Chest

Midsagittal plane

Vertical plane tha tpasses through the center of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves

Parasagittal plane

Vertical planes that are parallel to the median sagittal plane

Coronal plane

Vertical planes that pass through the body and divide it into anterior and posterior sections

Axial planes (transverse planes)

Planes that are at right angles to the sagittal and frontal planes and divide the body into superior and inferior sections

Anterior (ventral)

Nearer the front

Posterior (dorsal)

Nearer the back

Superior (cranial)

Upward or nearer the head

Inferior (caudal)

Downward or nearer the feet

Medial

Toward the midline or median plane

Lateral

Farther from the midline or median plane

Proximal

Near to a reference point

Distal

Away from a reference point

Superficial

Close to the surface

Deep

Farther from the surface

Median plane

Divides body into equal right and left halves

Midsagittal plane

Median Plane

Saggital plane

Divides body into unequal right and left halves

Coronal plane

Divides body into equal or unequal anterior and posterior parts

Transverse plane

Divides body into equal or unequal superior and inferior parts (cross sections or axial sections)

Abduction (AB)

Movement away from a central reference point

Adduction (AD)

Movement toward a central reference point; opposite of abduction

Lateral rotation (L)

Turning a bone or limb around its long axis laterally or away from the midline

Medial rotation (M)

Opposite of lateral rotation; turning medially toward the midline

Flexion (F)

Usually a movement that decreases the joint’s angle

Extension (E)

Usually a movement that increases the joint’s angle; the opposite of flexion

Elevation (EL)

Lifting superiorly, as in shrugging the shoulders

Depression (D)

A movement of a portion of the body inferiorly

F and E of the spine

F decreases the angle between the vertebral bodies and E increases this angle; when we bend forward we flex teh spine, and when we bend backward to arch the back we are extending the spine

Pronation (P)

Rotation of the radius about the ulna in the forearm, cuasing the palm to face posteriorly or inferiorly (if the hand is held forward with the palm upward)

Supination (S)

Opposite of pronation; causes the palm to face anteriorly or superiorly

Circumduction (C)

Movement in space that circumscribes a circle or cone about a joint (circumduction of the lower limb at the hip joint)

Dorsiflexion (DF)

Lifting of the foot at the ankle joint

Plantarflexion (PF)

A downward movement or depression of the foot at the ankle (similar to wrist flexion)

Eversion (E)

Movement of the sole of the foot laterally

Inversion (I)

Moement of the sole of the foot medially

Retraction (R)

Posterior displacement of a portion of the body without a change in angular movement

Protraction (PT)

Anterior displacement of a portion of the body without a change in angular movement

Peroxisomes

Small vesickles in cytoplasm that contain enzymes that degrade hydrogen peroxide and fatty acids

Golgi apparatus

One or more flattened stacks of membranes that modify and package proteins and lipids for intracellular or extracellular use

Plasma membrane

The cell membrane, composed of a lipid bilayer that functions in protection, secretion, uptake, sensitivity, adhesion, and support; the membrane can fuse with a secretory vesicle to release its contents in a process called exocytosis, or take up extracellular substances in a process called pinocytosis; the membrane may possess specialized recptors along its surface.

Cytoplasm

The aqueous matrix fo the cell outside of the nucleus, containing inorganic ions, organic molecules, intermediate metabolites, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and RNA

Mitochondria

Organelles that produce adenosine triphosphate via oxidative phosphoyrlation for energy; mitochondria possess an outer membrane and a folded inner membrane

Lysosomes

Vesiciles contaning digestive enzymes

Endplasmic reticulum

Membranous network in teh cytoplasm, studded with ribosomes for protein synthesis (rough ER) or lacking ribosomes and involved with lipid and steroid synthesis (smooth er)

Centrioles

Paired bundle like inclusions essential for chromosome movement in cell division

Nucleolus

A small structure within the nucleus containing condensations of RNA and proteins

Cell nucleus

Structure surrounded by inner and outer membrans; the nucleus contains chromosomes, enzymes, and RNA; the nuclear membrane, or envelope, is perforated by small nuclear pores

Ribosomes

Tiny particles in cytoplasm containing RNAand proteins, both free and attached to rough ER; ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis by translating the amino acid and protein coding under the direction of messenger RNA (mRNA)

Microfillaments

Inclusions that provide strngth and support for the cell

Microtubules

Inclusions contained in the cytoskeleton that assist in intracellular transport

Squamous

Thin, flattened cells; the width of each cell is greater than its height

Cuboidal

Cubes of cells; the width, depth and height of each cell are approximately equal

Columnar

Taller, cylindrical cells; the height of each cell is greater than its width

Neoplasms

Tumors

Carcinomas

Malignant neoplasms of epithelium

Dysplasia

Abnormal tumor development

Metaplasia

Abnormal turmor transformation

Simple squamous

Line body cavities and the vasculature, offering a barrier to transport or functioning as an exchange system, often by simple diffusion

Simple cuboidal

Lines ducts of glands and kidney tubules, offering a passageway with or without the abiliity to absorb and secrete

Simple columnar

Lines much of the gastrointestinal system, offering a surface for absorption and secretion

Pseudostratified

Lines the trachea, bronchi of the lungs, and ductus deferens, offering a passageway with or without barrier or secretory functions

Stratified squamous

Forms the skin and lines the oral cavity, esophagus, and vagina, offering a protective surface; the skin may have a protective layer of keratin overlying hte epithelium

Stratified cuboidal

Lines the ducts of sweat glands and other large exocrine glands, offering a conduit and or serving as a barrier to transport

Stratified columnar

Lines the large ducts of exocrine glands offering a conduit and serving as a barrier

Transitional

LInes teh irinary system, offering a conduit has the ability to distend

Connective tissue propper

Includes loose and dense connective tissues arranged in either an irregular or a regular conformation

Specialized connective tissue

Includes cartilage, bone and adipose tissue, hemopoietic tissue, blood and lymph

Dense connective tissue

Has many fibers but few cells and includes tendons, ligaments, the submucosa, and reticular layers that offer support

Collagen fibers

numerous in connective tissues offer flexibility and strength

Elastic fibers

Interwoven fibers that offer flexibility and retain their shape if stretched

Reticular fiber

Thinner collagen fibers that provide strenth; they are the least common of the fibrous elements

Sarcomas

Malignant tumors of the connective tissue

Type 1 Collagen

What collegen type accounts for 90% of body’s collagen and is common in the skin, muscle tnedons, ligaments and bones?

Type II Collagen

What type is found in cartilage?