ANFS 101 Exam 2 (I did not make this myself, it was taken from quizlet from hopejanet)

Digestion

physical and chemical changes that feeds undergo in gastrointestinal tract and the release and absorption of nutrients

Types of Digestive systems

Monogastrics, Ruminants

monogastrics

simple stomach, cecal fermenters

ruminants

compartmentalized stomachs, complicated fermentation

enzymes

organic catalysts that assist in chemical reactions, composed of amino acids (proteins)

absorption

passage of nutrients released in digestion through intestinal wall into circulatory or lymph system

metabolism

using carbs and fats to make something or burning them for energy

chyme

digested mix

Prehension

gathering food, using lips, teeth and tongue

Mastication

mechanical breakdown of chewing, increases surface area, secretes saliva for lubrication

Ruminant Mastication

no upper incisors, lateral and vertical jaw movement, swallows feed multiple times (larger pieces regurgitated)

Deglutition

swallowing, involuntary, peristaltic waves

Stomach/ Abomasum/ Proventriculus

physical breakdown (mixing & churning), chemical breakdown (acidic environment), enzymatic breakdown

stomach enzymes:

pepsin, renin (milk), lipase (lipids)

Small Intestine Sections

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

Duodenum

bile & pancreatic juices added, main site of food breakdown

bile

formed in liver, stored in gall bladder, helps digest fat

Jejunum

has villi to increase SA for absorption of nutrients

Ileum

absorption (less)

Large Intestine

minimal absorption, no chemicals secreted

3 parts of Large Intestine

colon, cecum, rectum

Cecum

minimal absorption, functionality varies

Cecum Functionality: monogastric herbivores

very functional

Cecum Functionality: omnivores

minimal functionality

Cecum Functionality: carnivores

almost no functionality

Monogastric Herbivore Large Intestine

extensive colon & cecum function, bacteria breakdown cellulose, produces VFAs used for energy, protein not absorbed

Defecation

undigested feed, dead cells & bacteria are excreted

Micturition

urination; water & nitrogen compounds (proteins); urea (mammals) uric acid (avian)

Pigs Digestive Tract

esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Pigs are:

omnivores, monogastrics

Pigs are only farm animal to secrete:

salivary amylase in saliva (breaksdown starch)

Primary Location of Digestion & Absorption: carbohydrates

oral cavity, small intestine

Primary Location of Digestion & Absorption: proteins

stomach, small intestine

Primary Location of Digestion & Absorption: nucleic acids

small intestine

Primary Location of Digestion & Absorption: fats

small intestine

Digestion Tract of Ruminant

esophagus, rumen, oral cavity (some feed regurgitated), reticulum, omasum, abomasum, small intestine, large intestine

Ruminants can digest:

cellulose in roughages, silage & pasture

4 compartment of Rumen

rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum

what ferments feed in ruminators?

microbial populations

ruminants gather food _______ (quickly or slowly)

quickly

rumination

animal regurgitates and rechews feed to decrease particle size and increase surface area

rumen (the paunch)

site of aerobic fermentation, produces VFAs & gas, stores food, papilla lining

reticulum (honeycomb)

pacemaker for rumen contractions (mixes slurry), fermentation, hardware stomach

omasum (many plies)

plies are folds for capturing large particles for further digestion

abomasum (true stomach)

lined with mucous membrane, secretes gastric juices

benefits of microbial fermentation

MO are high in protein, convert NPN, MO get digested, produce VFAs, contain water, energy, Vitamin K, water soluble vitamins

Eructation

burping, releasing gas produced by bacteria

Volatile Fatty Acids

VFAs, major product of fermentation, provide a lot of energy for ruminant

Advantages of Rumination

digest poor quality feeds, essential nutrients made by microbes

Disadvantages of Rumination

fermentation can decrease quality of high quality feeds, process wastes lots of energy

Digestion in Avian

esophagus, crop, proventriculus, gizzard

Crop

dilation of esophagus, food storage and moistening

Avian mastication

no teeth, so no mastication

Proventriculus

similar to stomach, gastric juices, ingesta passes through in seconds, little digestion due to quick rate of passage, secretes enzymes

Carnivorous birds rate of passage

slightly slower so more absorption takes place

Gizzard

grinding organ, physical digestion instead of teeth & stomach churning

Avian Small Intestine

2 ceca, similar to monogastric tract

Avian Ceca

2 ceca at junction of small and large intestine, size influenced by fiber in diet

Avian Large Intestine

relatively short, no sections for rectum and colon

Avian Cloaca

oviposition - egg laying

Horse Digestive Tract

esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (cecum, large colon, small colon, rectum)

Monogastric Herbivores

capable of digesting roughages and feed high in cellulose, active cecal bacterial population

Horse Swallowing

One way peristalsis (can't regurgitate feed)

Horse digestive distinctions

small stomach, lack of muscular stomach

Cholic

large particles settling out in horse's stomach causing block

Causes of Cholic

less drinking, change in feed, ingesting sand

Symptoms of Cholic

kicking/ biting at stomach, rolling, no excretion, not eating or drinking

Remedies of Cholic

walk/jog, warm water, oil, grab through rectum

Small Intestine of Horses

similar to other monogastrics but no gall bladder, location of absorption

Large Intestine of Monogastric Herbivores

cecum, large colon, small colon, rectum

Cecal Fermentation

cecal microbes produce VFAs and water soluble vitamins that get absorbed, protein filled microbial bodies get excreted

Coprophagy

eating cecal material (rare in horses, common in rabbits)

genotype

genetic profile, not always expressed

chromosomes

paired, rod-like structures within nucleus of cell composed of DNA

genes

specific sequences of DNA along chromosome

locus

location of gene on chromosome

allele

specific form of gene

nucleotide

deoxyribose (sugar), phosphate, and base (A,T,G,C)

DNA

composed of repeating nucleotides

homologous chromosomes

chromosome pair, have same genes that affect same trait

homozygous

2 of same allele for trait

heterozygous

2 different alleles for a trait

inheritance

way alleles are passed to offspring

somatic cells

body cells (2n)

germ cells

reproductive cells (n)

complete dominance

dominant: B

recessive: b

Bb: completely dominant

co-dominance

express both if Bb

incomplete dominance

neither gene is fully expressed or repressed

epistasis

gene can be turned on or off by another gene

DNA replication

unzip double helix, pair with complimentary strand, transcribe mRNA

mRNA translation

mRNA goes to ribosome, codons read, creates animo acids, then proteins

central dogma

genes --> mRNA --> amino acids

--> proteins --> you

heterogametic

heterozygous for gender (XY)

homogametic

homozygous for gender (XX)

Gender in Mammals

males: XY

females: XX

Gender in Avian

males: AA

females: AB

mitosis

process of cell division, start with 2n cell and end with two 2n cells

"PMAT"

meiosis (gametogenesis)

development of germ cells, start with 2n cell, end with four n cells

spermatogenesis

males: create four n sperm cells, continuous process, can be seasonal

spermatogenesis location

seminiferous tubules