Micro bio Test 1

List the top three causes of death in the US

Heart disease, Cancer, Stroke

Hallmark of cells

reproduce, source of energy, control flow of chemicals, cell membrane, DNA

Which Kingdom and domain are prokaryotes

Domain Archea and Bacteria and kingdoms monera

Which Kingdom and domian are eukaroyotes

Domain Eukarya and kingdoms plantae, animalia, protista, and fungi

True or False: Viruses are measured in nanometers

True

Membrane bound organelles found only in eukaryotes

mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus

What type of cell wall is present in Archea?

Do not contain peptidoglycan, very diverse, some contain polysaccerides, protein, or lack walls

What type of cell wall is present in Eukarya?

No cell wall mostly, or cellulose, chitin, pectin, silica, calcium

What is chromosome structure in Archea?

circular double stranded DNA

What is chromosome structure in Bacteria?

circular double stranded DNA

What is chromosome structure in Eukarya?

linear double stranded DNA

What are the six major Bio elements?

C, H, O, N, P, S

What Bio elements are present in nucleic acid?

C,H,N,P

What bio elements are present in lipids?

C,H

What bio elements are present in polysaccarides?

C,H,O

What bio elements are present in protein?

C,H,N,S

Hydrogen bond

attraction of partially positive H, due to being bonded to an electonegative atom, to another electronegative atom with a lone pair of electrons

Explain role of water in biloogical actviities

H bonds act as temperature buffer, Water is great solvent, H bonds between water molecules contributes to high BP

osmosis

the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low osmolarity to an area of high osmolarity

osmotolerant

organisms that grow over a wide range of solute concentration

What stradegy do halophiles use to survive high salt concentartions

salt out: keep compatible solutes as high concentration inside the cell, salt in: accumulate potassium and chloride ions inside

condensation reaction

dehydration

Protein

enzymes, carriers, regulate processes, structural, surface receptors, building block: amino acids, Bond: peptide, Found:

Lipid

hydrophobic portion of cell membrane, storage, Building block: fatty acid, Bond: ester, Found: cell membrane

Nucleic acid

genetic blueprint , Building block: nitrogeneous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate, Bond: phosphodiester bond, Found: DNA and RNA

polysaccaride

structural support and energy storage, building block: sugar, Bond: glycosidic, Found: cell membrane

tertiary and quarternary

disulfide, h bonds, peptide, hydrophobic interactions, van der whalls

denaturation

unfolding of proteins so they cant function do to changes in pH, temperature, salt concentration

magnification

power of lens

refractive index

measure of how much a substance slows the velocity of light

resolution

ability to defirentate between small objects that are closer tgether

reason for oil immersion

oil allows more light to enter lens and increases resolution

acidic stain

negative charge

basic stain

postive charge

negative stain

acidic dyes that bind to background

positive stain

basic dyes that bind to specimen

differential staining procedure

gram, acid fast, structural stain

structural staining procedure

stains flagella, spores, capsule

medically imporntant structures in bacteria

flagella, spores, capsule

True or False: basic dye binds to the specimen

true

wet mount

allows for observing live and moving microbs

gram staining procedure

crystal violet, iodine, alchohol, safranin

acid-fast staining procedure

satains mycobacterium

True or False: Acid-fast staining procedure is used to diagnose TB infection

True

Which microscope uses the differences in refractvie index and cell density to visualize live cells?

phase contrast

Prokaryotic cell structures

peptidoglycan, endospores, inclusion bodies, nucleoid, periplasmic space, flagella, capsules, and slime layers, gas vacule

gram negative cell envelope

low peptidoglycan, outermembrane, lipopolysacaride, high senstitivity to complement, periplasmic space

gram postive cell envelope

high peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, sensitvie to lysozyme, easy entry of peniciliin G,

periplasmic space

space between cell membrane and outer membrane

simple diffusion

molecules move from high concentration to low concentration across the membrane

faciliataed diffusion

molecules move across the membrane with assistance of transport proteins

active transport

transport of molecules to higher concentrations

group translocation

molecule is chemically modified before entering the cell

uniport

protiens that move a single molecule at a time

symport

linked transport of two substances in the same direction

antiport

linke transport of two substances moving in opposite directions

bacterial cell wall components

peptidoglycan, polymer of NAG and NAM, complex of polysaccarides

how is cell wall effected by penacilion

inhibits peptidolgycan synthesis

How is cell wall effected by lysozme

attacks peptidoglycan

glycocalyx

network of polysaccarides extending from surface of cell, capsule or slime layer of polysaccarides as well

capsule

organized layer of polysaccardies outside cell that can not easily be washed off

slime layer

diffuse, and easily removed layer

s layer

regurally structured layers of protein and glycoprotein

pili

thick, long, required for mating

fimbraie

short, thin hair like projections

flagella

long whip like projection

run

counterclockwise rotation that causes forward motion

tumble

clockwise rotation that distrupts run

twitching

short interminitnat jerky movements

gliding

smooth and requires not appendages

chemotaxis

movemnt towards or away from chemical, less tumbles

ribosomes

assemble proteins

primary producer

fix CO2 and make reduced organic molecules as sugars

primary producer example

photoautotrophs and chemolithioautortophs

photolithoautotrophs C, energy and Electron source

H, Hydrogen sulifide, S as electron, sunlight as energy source, CO2 for C source

chemolithoautotrophs C, energy and electron source

Fe, N and S for energy and electrons, CO2 for C source

purpose of spread

diltue a sample of cells on top of agar

purpose of pour plate

dilute a sample of cells within the agar

stationary phase

nutrient limitation, accumulation of toxic waste products, critical population, balance between cell growth and death

death phase

more death than growth due to lack of nutrients and accumulation of waste

turbidity

cell density

absorption

of light can be used to measure microbial mass

binary fission

asexual reproduction where parent cells splits into two daughter cells

enviromental factors on microbial growth

osmolarity, pH, temperature, O2 concentration

pychrophile

grows 0 to 15 C

pychrotroph

can grow 0-7, optimum 20-30 with max 35

mesophile

20-45 C

thermophile

55-65 C

hyperthermophile

80-110 C

obligate aerobe

dependent on O2 for growth

facultative anerobe

doesnt require O2, grows better with O2

aerotolerant anerobe

grows well with and without O2

olbligate anerobe

Dies in presence of O2

microaerophile

requires O2 between 2-10%

barophile

grows rapidly at high hydrostatic pressures

selective media

allow for growth of particular organisms while inhibiting the growth of others

differential media

distinguishes between organims by growth and by products

cardinal temperatures of growth

minimum, optimum, maximum

Which group is readily isolated from artic and antartic

phycrophiles

advantage of capsule

resist phagocytes