FAM Exam 2

Biological Sex

chromosomes, gonads, hormonal balance, internal sex organs, genitals, gene expression, skeletal structure, secondary sex characteristics, brain structure

gender identity

the psychological state of identity due to genetics and experiences

gender

biological, social, and psychological characteristics associated with being feminine, masculine, or a combination (innate)

transgender

person who identifies as a sex different from the sex assigned at birth

cisgender

a person whose gender identity matches their sex assigned at birth

amount of infants born with DSD

1/1500

DSD

disorders of sexual development

types of DSDs

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia, XY females, Turner’s syndrome, etc.

traditional gender roles

social norms that specify appropriate behavior for men and women

things that influence gender socialization

family, peers, religion, education, economy, social media

feminization of poverty

a disproportionate percentage of poverty is experienced by women living alone or with their children (which is a cycle)

androgyny

blending of behavior associated with masculinity and femininity

positive androgyny

takes the best traits from both

generation differences with lgbtq+

Generation Z has a high acceptance of LGBTQ+ and are more likely to identify as LGBTQ+ than previous generations

percentage of Americans who identified as heterosexual in 2021

86.3%

percentage of Gen-Z Americans who identified as straight

79%

percentage of Americans who identified as LGBTQ+ in 2021

7.1%

percentage of Americans who identified as LGBTQ+ in 2012

3.5%

percentage of Americans who identified as LGBTQ+ in 2020

5.6%

percentage of Gen-Z adults who identify as LGBTQ+

21% (up from 15.6% in 2020)

sexuality most people are in the LGBTQ+ community

bisexual (57%)

heterosexism

institutional and social reinforcement of heterosexuality as the privileged norm (results in biphobia, transphobia, and homophobia)

internalized homophobia

a sense of personal failure and self-hatred among non-heterosexual persons resulting from social rejection and stigmatization of being abnormal

people that lgbtq+ persons come out to first

friends (in a study, 77% of 443 gay men came out to their friends first)

The reason why more people are living alone

Humans are living longer

mating gradient

Women like men 2-3 years older and men like women 2-3 years younger

Median age for first marriage

30.4 in men and 28.6 in women

The happiest demographic

Married people without children

The year Sam-sex marriage became legal in the U.S.

2015

Why more people are delaying marriage

The legal distinction between married and unmarried couples is blurring

Domestic partnership rights

Has some of the rights and privileges previously only available to married couples, but not all

Six reasons to commit to a partner

1. Establish/confirm your social identity

2. Recreation and fun

3. Companionship/intimacy/sex

4. Preparing for marriage

5. Some find elevated status in their partner

6. Looking for someone to marry

4 Reasons to not commit to a partner

1. People want their own space

2. Loss of personal freedom

3. You have to care for another’s feelings

4. Time

Serial dater

Want to date, don’t want to commit

Individualized marriage

Marriage because of enhancement of individual well-being and not because of social obligation

Percentage in 2020 of people who’s new relationships/marriages started online

20% for relationships, 17% of marriages

Advantages of online dating

Efficiency, removes emotion/chemistry, widens the dating pool

Disadvantages of online dating

Lying, catfishing, ghosting, falling in love too quickly, inability to observe nonverbal behavior

Other ways to find a partner

Apps, speed dating, international dating (on the increase de to internet)

How the vast majority of marriages begin

Meeting through family, friends, and other face to face interactions

hanging out

going out in groups where the agenda is to meet others and have fun

percentage of married couples that met at work

22%

hookup

a sexual encounter between individuals who have no commitment that involves making out, and various forms of sex

unspoken rules of hooking up

not dating, not a place for intimacy, physical, secret, and no subsequent phone calls

friends with benefits

a relationship of nonromantic friends who also have sex

percentage in study of people who had been in a FWB relationship

49% of males and 43% of females

percentage of college students who had sex outside of a monogamous relationship

27% of males and 20% of females (not at a 0 risk of getting an STI)

how cohabitation terms have evolved

“shacking up”/”living in sin” in the 60s-70s and now called significant other, living together, or cohabiting

best predictor of divorce

young marriage

after a divorce/seperation, people tend to

get married a lot faster

percentage of cohabitants between the ages of 25-34

36% (up from 15% in 2018 and 12% in 2008)

reasons for the increase in cohabitation

career/education commitments, increased tolerance, better/more access to birth control, desire for stable and sexual relationship without legal ties, avoiding loneliness, greater disregard for social norms

cohabitation effect

the tendency for couples who live together before marriage to form less happy and short-lived marriages

percentage of people who lived together before marriage

60%

serial cohabiters

hold different values than traditionalists who establish higher quality, more stable marriages

timing of engagement

critical factor in marital success, and living together after engagement is different than living together first and then deciding to get married

sliding into marriage

some cohabiters marry who would not have married had they not lived together (higher divorce rates)

conveyor belt to marriage (Dr. Jory’s term)

a way of saying that cohabitation creates expectations for marriage. Once you live together, marriage may feel inevitable, pressured, or forced

nine reasons why individuals cohabitate

1. here and now

2. testers

3. engaged

4. money savers

5. pension partners

6. alimony maintenance

7. security blanketers

8. rebels

9. marriage never/cohabitants forever

here and now

individual is focused on the present and not the future (impulsive)

testers

individual wants to assess whether they have a future together

engaged

the couple is in love and planning to marry (green flag)

money savers

the couple moves in together out of economic convenience

pension partners

for some older couples, getting married would mean losing their pension benefits from a previous marriage

alimony maintenance

the divorced partner would forfeit alimony from a previous marriage should they remarry

security blanketers

some dependent individuals live with someone out of need for security rather than attraction

rebels

the cohabitation is more out of rebelling from parents than being drawn to each other

marriage never-cohabitants forever

some individuals seek companionship and sex but want to avoid the responsibilities of marriage (rare)

majority of cohabitants see themselves in a

committed relationship

advantages of cohabitation

sense of well-being, effectively delays marriage, gain knowledge about yourself and your partner, physical and psychological safety, economics

disadvantages of cohabiting

more problems with lower commitment, some end up feeling used or tricked, parent disapproval, serious impacts on children

percentage of first-time cohabitants that experience a pregnancy

20%

states where cohabitation is illegal

Mississippi and Michigan

LAT (living apart together)

a committed couple who choses to not live in the same home

criteria to be defined as an LAT

define themselves as a committed couple, others define them as a committed couple, must live in separate domiciles

4 types of LAT relationships

1. Young adults (44%) (living with parents but in a relationship with a partner outside of the home

2. Independent adults (32%) (living on their own and in a relationship with someone they do not live with)

3. single parents (11%)

4. seniors (13%)

disadvantages to LAT

1. stigma

2. high cost

3. inconvenient

4. lack of shared history

5. no legal protection of the relationship (if unmarried)

6. lowest level of happiness

gender that is the most deceptive (heteronormatively)

both men and women because we lie about what we think the other person cares most about

what men lie about

height, income, and accomplishments

what women lie about

physical appearances and what they are seeking in the relationship

endogamy

subtle expectation to marry within your social group

exogamy

strong expectation to marry outside of your family group

homogamy theory of mate selection

we tend to be attracted to and involved with those who are similar to us in age, race, religion, and social class

homogamy and religion

those who practice the same religion at the same intensity have an improved odd of a very successful marriage

15 factors in homogamy

1. religion/spirituality/politics

2. race

3. age

4. intelligence

5. education

6. open-mindedness

7. social class

8. physical appearance

9. career

10. marital status

11. personality

12. circadian preference

13. traditional roles

14. geographic background

15. economic values, money management, debt

interracial dating and marriage occurrence

interracial dating is increasing, but interracial marriage remains low

Complementary Needs Theory

opposition to homogamy, we choose mates whose needs are opposite and complimentary to our own (not supported by research)

Why Dr. Jory calls Complimentary Needs the “Fishing Lure” Theory

we are attracted to the new and different, but in the long run, the familiar brings us comfort because too many differences can be too much work (how much difference can someone take over time)

Social Exchange Theory

preferred method by pragmatic lovers/ choose the person who offers the greatest rewards at the lowest cost

rewards-cost

payoff

cost>rewards

loss

cost<rewards

profit

how we learn to love

how our parents treated us

comparison level of alternatives

what other choices do you have? even if a marriage is rewarding, would another person offer you more profit

comparison level of history

we ask ourselves how this relationship compares with past relationships

when exchange theory is the most applicable

the beginning and possible end of a relationship

the number one dealbreaker trait in men

they’re controlling

the reason behind attraction to “bad boys”

he’s exciting and they think they can fix him

dark triad personality

1. narcissism

2. Machiavellianism (deceptive and insincere)

3. psychopathy (lack of empathy)

evolutionary theory desirable traits

men: young, healthy, sexually conservative women

women: ambitious with good economic capacity to protect and provide