hisrory exam

nativism

favoring the interests of native-born people over foreign-born people

isolationism

A national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs

communism

a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership

anarchists

people who oppose all forms of organized government

Sacco and Vanzetti

radicals executed for murder, probably a result of the red scare

John L Lewis

Leader of United Mine Workers

Warren G Harding

president who suffered from scandal

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

Rose the rates on imported goods in the hopes that domestic manufacturing would prosper. This prevented foreign trade

Ohio Gang

a group of close friends and political supporters whom President Warren G. Harding appointed to his cabinet

Teapot Dome scandal

corruption by a Harding cabinet member, who took bribes to allow oil drilling on public lands

Albert B Fall

The Harding Cabinet member who profited from and was convicted for the Teapot Dome Scandal

Calvin Coolidge

Became president when Harding died of pneumonia

Urban Sprawl

the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas.

installment plan

A payment plan that allows customers to make payments at set intervals over a period of time until the total debt is paid

Bessie Smith

African American blues singer who played and important role in the Harlem Reniassance.

James Weldon Johnson

poet, lawyer, and NAACP executive secretary

Marcus Garvey

promoted black pride and black nationalism

Harlem Renaissance

A literary and artistic movement celebrating African-American culture.

Claude McKay

poet during the Harlem Renaissance

Langston Hughes

poet who made the Harlem Renaissance popular

Zora Neale Hurston

writer and folklore scholar

Paul Robeson

promoted African American rights and left wing causes

Louis Armstrong

trumpet player who influenced the development of jazz

Duke Ellington

jazz pianist and composer

Prohibition

A law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages

speakeasy

Hidden saloons and nightclubs that illegally sold liquor

bootlegger

smuggler who brought alcohol in from Canada and the Caribbean

Fundamentalism

Religious movement based on the belief that everything written in the Bible was literally true

Clarence Darrow

Defended John Scopes during the Scopes Trial. He argued that evolution should be taught in schools.

Scopes Trial

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

Charles A Lindbergh

made the first nonstop solo flight across the Atlantic

George Gershwin

United States composer who incorporated jazz into classical forms and composed scores for musical comedies (1898-1937)

Georgia O'Keefe

American artist that painted flowers and landscapes during the great depression.

Sinclair Lewis

first American to win a Nobel Prize in literature

F. Scott Fitzgerald

a novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. Wrote the Great Gatsby

double standard

a set of principles granting greater sexual freedom to men than to women

Edna St. Vincent Millay

wrote poems celebrating youth and a life of independence and freedom from traditional constraints

Ernest Hemingway

Lost Generation writer

flapper

Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion

Price Support

law that keeps prices above a set level

credit

Short-term loans to buy goods with promises to pay later

Alfred E Smith

Democratic presidential candidate in 1928

Dow Jones Industrial Average

Index of stock prices of select companies

speculation

Investments in high-risk ventures

buying on margin

buying stock by paying only a portion of the full cost up-front with promises to pay the rest later

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; the day the stock market crashed. Lead to the Panic of 1929

Great Depression

Period of bad economic times in the United States that lasted from 1929 to 1941

Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act

Law that raised taxes on imports and worsened the Depression

Shantytown

a neighborhood in which people live in makeshift shacks

soup kitchen

place where food is provided to the needy at little or no charge

bread line

line of people waiting for food handouts from charities or public agencies

Dust Bowl

The area of the Great Plains where wind erosion caused soil loss during the 1930s.

direct relief

money or food given directly from the gov. to the needy

Herbert Hoover

Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community. 31st president

Boulder Dam

Dam on the Colorado River built during the Depression to create jobs

Federal Home Loan Bank Act

Law passed in 1931 to reduce mortgage rates to save farmers from foreclosure

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Agency established in 1932 to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks.

Bonus Army

Unemployed World War I veterans who marched to Washington to demand their war bonuses

Bonus Marchers

WWI veterans who demanded the bonus they were promised for serving in WWI

hoboes

In the 1930s these men roamed the country, hopped of freight cars, and went to wherever they could find a job. Sometimes they had to beg for food.

Okies

the farmers, who in the Great Depression, were forced to move, many moved to Oklahoma

rugged individualism

Herbert Hoover's belief that people must be self-reliant and not depend upon the federal government for assistance.

Hoover flags

pockets turned inside out to protest the poor economy.

Hoovervilles

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress

Franklin D. Roosevelt

President of the US during Great Depression and World War II; 32nd president

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Glass-Steagall Act

established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and included banking reforms, some of which were designed to control speculation

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

the government agency that insures customer deposits if a bank fails

Federal Securities Act

Law to regulate stock information

Securities Exchange Commission (SEC)

monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds

Fair Labor Standards Act

1938 act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor

Agriculture Adjustment Act (AAA)

Gave farmers money to reduce crop size to reduce production and bring up the value of crops

Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC)

New Deal program that hired unemployed, young men to work on natural conservation projects (plant trees, build bridges, work in national parks, etc.)

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

Helped states to provide aid for the unemployed

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

provided money to states to create jobs chiefly in the construction of schools and other community buildings

Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC)

loaned money at low interest to homeowners who could not meet mortgage payments

National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)

loaned money at low interest to homeowners who could not meet mortgage payments

Father Charles Coughlin

a critic of the New Deal; created the National Union for Social Justice; wanted a monetary inflation and the nationalization of the banking system

Dr. Francis Townsend

American physician and social reformer whose plan for a government-sponsored old-age pension was a precursor of the Social Security Act of 1935.

Senator Huey Long

wanted a share the wealth program

Eleanor Roosevelt

the wife of the president, who fought for equality for women and minorities

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Hires jobless people to build public buildings and parks.

National Youth Administration (NYA)

an agency that provided young Americans with aid and employment during the Great Depression

Wagner Act

guaranteed the right of unions to organize and to collectively bargain with management.

Social Security Act

created a tax on workers and employers. That money provided monthly pensions for retired people.

Joseph Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

totalitarian

referring to a form of government in which one person or party holds absolute control

Benito Mussolini

Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power.

fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

Adolf Hitler

Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implement Fascism and caused WWII and Holocoust.

Nazism

Adolf Hitler used fascism to create this type of government based on totalitarian ideas and was used to unite Germany during the 1930s.

Francisco Franco

Fascist leader of the Spanish revolution, helped by Hitler and Mussolini

Neutrality Acts

4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents

Neville Chamberlain

Great British prime minister who advocated peace and a policy of appeasement

Winston Churchill

Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII

appeasement

Accepting demands in order to avoid conflict

Nonaggression pact

An agreement in which nations promise not to attack one another

blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

Charles de Gaulle

French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970)

draft

A law requiring people of a certain age to serve in the military