basal ganglia pathology

akinesia

inability to initiate movement; associated with fixed postures

athetosis

slow, involuntary, writhing, twisting movements; frequently greater involvement in distal UE

bradykinesia

decreased amplitude and velocity of voluntary movement

chorea

involuntary, rapid, irregular, jerky movements involving multiple joints; most apparent in UE

choreoathetosis

movement disorder with features of both chorea and athetosis

dystonia

sustained involuntary contractions of agonist and antagonist muscles

hemiballismus

large amplitude sudden, violent, flailing motions of the arm and leg on one side of the body

hyperkinesis

abnormally increased muscle activity or movement

hypokinesis

decreased motor response especially to a specific stimulus

rigidity

increase in muscle tone causing greater resistance to passive movement; greater in flexor muscles

lead pipe

uniform, constant resistance as limb is moved

cogwheel

series of brief relaxations or catches as limb is passively moved

resting tremor

involuntary, rhythmic, oscillatory movement observed at rest