Exam 3 - Anatomy & Physiology 2401 (Chp. 6-8)

Cartilage cells are called

Chondrocyte cell

Immature cartilage cells are called

Chondroblast cells

Chondromuco-protein

Cells secrete and maintain a matrix of collagen fibers and a protein-polysaccharide complex

Lacunae

Cells remain inside the cavities

Three types of Cartilages

Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage

Most common Cartilage

Hyaline Cartilage

Hyaline Cartilage is also found in

End of long bones, soft parts of nose, and rings or respiratory passage

What type of cartilage makes most parts of the embryonic skeleton

Hyaline cartilage

Most flexible Cartilage

Elastic Cartilage

Elastic Cartilage is also found in

Pinna, and part of Larynx

Strongest type of Cartilage in the human body

Firbo Cartilage

Fibro Cartilage is also found in

Between vertebrae, bones of the pelvic girdle, and knee

Two types of Cartilage growth

Appositional Growth and Interstitial Growth

Appositional Growth

When cells in the perichondrium secrete matrix on the external face of existing cartilage (external)

Interstitial Growth

When cartilage cells in the lacunae divide, secrete new matrix and expand the cartilage from inside (internal)

Bone cells are called

Osteocytes

Immature bone cells are called

Osteoblasts

Bone contains

Calcium carbonate and Calcium phosphate which are deposited in the matrix; making tissue hard

Bone cells secrete and maintain

Collagen matrix (like cartilage cells)

Crystals of calcium phosphate

Hydroxyapatitis

Process of calcium deposition

Calcification

Canaliculi contains

Cell process

Compact Bone

Osteocytes are arranged in a concentric layer called Lamellae

Lamellae form unit called

Osteons

The canal at the center of the osteon is

Harversian Canal (Osteonic Canal)

Canal contains

Nerves and blood vessels

Compact Bone has which canal?

Haversian Canals are interconnected by Volkmann’s Canal

Spongy Bone

Scattered osteocytes are arranged on fibrous tissue membranes called Trabeculae

What is absent in a Spongy Bone?

Lamellae, Osteons, and Harversian Canals

Spongy Bone has spaces that

The spaces between trabeculae contain red bone marrow

Five major cells in bone tissue

Osteogenic Cells, Osteoblast Cells, Osteocyte Cells, Bone lining Cells, and Osteoclast Cells

Osteogenic Cell

Mitotically active stem cells (Osteoprogenitor Cells) found in the Periosteum and Endosteum; Squamous cells

Which type of cell has the potential to become bone cells?

Osteogenic cells

Osteoblast Cell

Diving bones that produce collagen and bind them for cell matrix (active - cuboidal, inactive - squamousal)

Osteocyte Cell

Mature bone cell that monitor and maintain bone matrix, live inside the lacunae

Bone Lining Cell

Squamosal cells that help maintain bone matrix

What is it called when it’s associated with Periosteum

Periosteal Cells

What is it called when it's associated with Endosteum

Endosteal Cells

Osteoclast Cell

Giant multinucleated bone cells that are associated with enzymatic bone resorption (degrading); located in shallow depression called Resorption Bay

Function of the Bone - Body framework/support

Forms the body framework and support movement and posture

Function of the Bone - Protection

Protects delicate organs like brain, spinal cord, lungs, and heart

Function of the Bone - Anchorage

Skeletal muscle are attach to the bone via tendons, thus muscles use bones as levers to support movement

Function of the Bone - Minerals and Growth Factor Storage

Bones store minerals such as Calcium and Phosphate; constant exchange of minerals occurs between bone and blood

How much Calcium is stored in our bones?

99%

What types of growth factors do mineralized bone tissue stores?

Insulin like growth factor, Fibroblast growth factor, Olatelet-derived growth factor, and Hematopoietic growth factors

Blood Cell formation

Spongy bone contains red bone marrow

How much until red bone marrow cells are hematopoietic stem cells?

2-4%

Hematopoiesis is happens when

Cells differentiate with the help of various growth factors and produce blood cells

Triglyceride Storage

The marrow cavity of long bones stores yellow marrow which is basically fat, a source of energy

Hormone production

Bone tissue produces osteocalcin, a hormone that helps regulate insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis

Long Bone

Bones with two Epiphyses (end) and one Diaphysis (shaft)

Epiphysis consist of what type of bone?

Spongy Bone

Articular Cartilage

The end of a long bone contain layers of Hyaline cartilage

Epiphyseal Plate

Layers of cartilage that mostly occurs between the diaphysis and the epiphysis (growth plate)

The long cavity inside the long bone

Medullary Cavity

Medullary Cavity contains

Blood vessels and yellow marrow - which is mostly fat

The fibrous tissue lining of the Medullary Cavity

Endosteum

Bone is covered by a fibrous tissue membrane

Periosteum

Long bone consist of which types of bones?

Arm bone (Humerus), thigh bone (Femur), and finger bone (Phalanges)

Small Bone

Spongy inside with layers of compact bone outside (cube shaped bone)

Small bone consist of which types of bones?

Wrist bone (Carpals) and ankle bone (Tarsals)

Flat Bone

Consists of two layer of compact bone with a layer of spongy bone in between (bone with broad, flat surface)

Flat bone consist of which types of bones?

Cranial bone, scapula, ribs, and stermun

Irregular Bone

Bones with complex structures

Irregular bone consist of which types of bones?

Vertebrae, and some skull bones (Sphenoid bone, Maxilla, Mandible, Temporal, Palatine bone, Zygomatic, Ethmoid, and Inferior Nasal)

Sesamoid Bone

Embedded within the tendons and occurs at joint that experience stress

Sesamoid bone consist of which types of bones?

Knee cap (largest sesamoid bone)

Sutural Bone

Small clusters of bones formed within the structures

Foramen

Round or oval opening through a bone

Foramen function

Passage for blood vessels and nerves

Fissure

A narrow, silk-like opening

Fissure function

Passage for blood vessels and nerves’

Meatus

A tube-like canal within a bone

Meatus location

Ear canal

Sinus

A space/cavity within the skull bones

Sinus function

Mucus production/sound chamber

Groove (sulks)

A furrow that accommodates blood vessels and nerves

Fossa

A depression above

Fossa function

Tissue attachment

Condyle

A rounded process

Condyle function

Articulation (bone to bone connection)

Head

An enlargement above the neck of a bone

Head function

Articulation (bone to bone connection)

Facet

A flat, nearly smooth surface

Facet function

Articulation (bone to bone connection)

Ramus

Arm like bar of bone

Ramus function

Articulation (bone to bone connection)

Tunercle

A small, rounded, knob-like process

Tunercle function

Tissue Attachment

Tunerosity

A large, rounded, knob-like process

Tunerosity function

Tissue Attachment

Trochanter

A large, blunt projection

Trochanter function

Tissue Attachment

Crest

A narrow, prominent ridge of bone

Crest function

Tissue Attachment

Line

A narrow, less prominent ridge of bone

Line function

Tissue Attachment

Spine

A sharp, slender projection

Spine function

Tissue attachment

Epicondyle

A prominence above the condyle