Psych 107 exam 3

developmental psychology started by studying

Children

developmental psychology extended to study

infancy

development consists of

prenatal development, infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, old age, death

Nature

we are born pretty much the same, genetics,

nurture development

as we grow we develop differently

lifespan approach

the view that development is a process that continues from birth to death

prenatal development stage 1

zygote (conception to 2 weeks)

prenatal development stage 2

Embryo 2-8 weeks

prenatal development stage 3

fetus, 8 weeks to birth

Rapid growth

nature and nurture matter in ____________

utero

critical periods (nurture)

development stages when environmental influences have the most impact

Teratogen

any factor that can cause a birth defect

nicotine effects on fetus

low birth weight, learning disabilities

cocaine effects on fetus

respiratory Problems, learning disabilities, seizures

fetal alcohol syndrome

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking

Thalidomide

drug used to treat morning sickness, caused many birth defects

grandmother effect

effects prenatal environment, gen 1 will be smaller, gen 2 females will be smaller, generation 3 will be okey

Heritability

how much of some trait/ characteristics is determined by genetics

100% heritability

almost all effected by genetics (eye color, height)

0% heritability

barely affects you (language)

monozygotic twins

identical twins, one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells

dizygotic twins

fraternal twins, two eggs seperately fertilized by two different sperms

Piagets theory of cognitive develeopment

how human adapt psychologically to survive in their environment, studied intelligence and cognitive development

Schemas

generalized cognitive structure, general plan for an idea/ concept, fuel stereotype

equilibriation

how humans adapt to the world cognitively

accommodation (schema)

change schemas to adapt to new information

assimilation (schema)

using an existing schema

Stage theory of development

milestones for each stage and each stage is the foundation for the next

continuous development

you learn more each day, there aren't distinct stages

Sensorimotor (0-2)

infancy, learning schemas to move parts of the body, learning to move eyes, no speaking, lack object permanence

object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

preoperational stage(2-6)

toddler, object permanence, learning concepts and identify with a single word, egocentrism

Egocentrism

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

theory of mind

develop at age 4-5, realizes people have minds and other thoughts

concrete operational stage (6-11)

less egocentric, understands different perspectives, understand rules

conservation

something doesn't change because it is moved

formal operational stage (11+)

abstract thoughts form, hypothetical reasoning develops, complex thinking, thinking about multiple concepts and connecting them

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

cognitive development affects moral development, each stage aligns with Piagets

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development- None

Aligns with sensory motor stage- No morals, no idea of right/wrong, can't put an adult mindset on a baby

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development- Preconventional Stage

use reward/punishment to tell yourself if you are good or bad, if you are rewarded it means you did something good, egocentric

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development- Conventional

Decide what is good and bad depending on what the rules say

If it goes against the rules, it must be wrong

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development- Post- Conventional

Use hypothetical situations to determine if things are good or bad

Use abstract principles to guide what you are going to do

Compare your actions to a principle

cross-sectional study

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

Age

how long you've been alive

age cohort

people born at roughly the same time who pass through the life course together

longitudal study

studying the same people throughout their entire life

Stages of Development- Independence

When you first leave the house, Your first time you're on your own, teens/early adulthood

Stages of Development- Marriage

Start defining yourself by your bond, Early adulthood, Marital satisfaction decreases when you have kids and increases when your kids leave

Stages of Development- Parenthood

Responsibilities extend to kids, Your feelings about yourself might be affected by your kids, Identity is connected to your kids

Stages of Development- Career

Any kind of long term employment, Self identity extended to here, If you are successful or not, If you have a successful career you might feel like you succeeded

Stages of Development-Mid life crisis

40s-50s, Not universal, Common, Before the crisis you decide/ project what you want in life, Revise your goals or change your life, Happens when your kids reach independence

Stages of Development- Post- Parental

After your kids leave, Now your identity is more affected by you, You don't have to support your kids, This can also cause a crisis

Stages of Development- Separation distress

When the partner is gone, They die, You divorce, Don't have a partner to rely on

Stages of Development- old age

Thought of loss

Stages of Development- death

Unknown stage, Loved ones are affected by this

Psycoanalytic Perspective

Freuds treatment, psychoanalysis

psychodynamic theory

presonality structures, Freuds theory, focused on unconscious

Theory of Psychoanalysis

everyone has unconscious thoughts and actions, attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts

psychoanalytic perspective

Methods he used (aka projective methods because you project some part of your personality ): free association, dream interpretation, jokes

free association

say the first thing that comes to mind

ex) "bike"--> "wheel"

Look for themes that dont make sense or are not what people would normally say

ex) "bike"--> "sex"

dream interpretation

when you dream it is unconscious thought

jokes

what kind of jokes do you think are funny? you find the joke funny because unconsciously it makes you uneasy

conscious mind

contains things that occupy one's current attention

preconscious mind

contains things that aren't currently in consciousness, but can be accessed

unconscious mind

contains mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes feelings and memories that are beyond awarenes

Id

inborn/ instinctual drives

id dominant personality

tend to use tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs

pleasure principal

seek pleasure and avoid pain

Ego (structure of personality)

rational part of the mind, problem solver, not emotional

reality principal

if it solves a problem, use it (what guides the ego)

Superego (structure of personality)

the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong

idealistic principle

do what's right (what guides the superego)

iceberg idea of the mind

conscious mind is above the water

defense mechanisms

Done by the ego, but there is a level of irrationality to these mechanisms and they are unconscious (this is the special case where the ego is unconscious)

Repression

Banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

Denial

Individual faced with anxiety denises the source of anxiety

reaction formation

Ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites

Projection

People disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Rationalization

Making up excuses for things, Self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions

Displacement

Shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward more acceptable or less threatening object or person

Sublimation

Similar to displacement, has positive (prosocial) consequences

Problems with Freud

Over-reliance on case studies of disturbed people, Over-relaince on sex and agression, Biased against women

contribution of frued

Showed the importance of the unconscious mind

More open discussion of sex

Importance of early childhood experiences

Neo-Freudians accept...

id, ego, superego

dynamics of anxiety and defense mechanism

projective test

a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

Rorschach test

ink blob, looks for a theme, not reliable

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Show someone an ambiguous picture with two people and you are people to make a story

trait perspective

a characteristic pattern of behavior, a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories, dimension of a person

MMPI

most widely used personality test, least reactive= can't tell what its about

Big Five Factor Model

conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, extraversion