Daniel_Yeum3's WHG2 - Unit 4

Renaissance

A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity. Means "rebirth" in French. (1450 - 1750). Began in Italy and spread to northern Europe.

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements.

Individualism

Favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control.

Secularism

Non-religious; separation of church and state. Common in Greco-Roman thought.

Medici family

Rulers of the city-state Florence. Reigned when Florence was the cultural center of Italy. Extremely powerful.

Petrarch

Father of humanism; recovered Cicero's works and influenced others to do the same.

Niccolo Machiavelli

Italian writer and politician; wrote The Prince, a piece dedicated to advising rulers on how to govern their states. Secular ideas.

Michelangelo

An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

Donatello

Renaissance sculptor whose David was the first free-standing bronze since antiquity.

Leonardo da Vinci

Ideal Renaissance man, sculptor, painter, engineer, scientist, etc. Known for the Mona Lisa and other works.

Raphael

Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.

Botticelli

A Renaissance painter known for his frescos, the Birth of Venus.

Brunelleschi

Florentine architect who was the first great architect of the Italian Renaissance, Il Duomo.

Christian Humanism

A movement that developed in northern Europe during the renaissance combining classical learning with the goal of reforming the Catholic church.

Van Eyck, Jan

An important painter of the Northern Renaissance. He is credited with the first use of the oil glazing technique of painting. He is also known for the great detail in his work. The Arnolfini portrait.

Shakespeare, William

English poet and playwright. His plays reflect the ideas of individualism and the unconquerable human spirit. Still a heavy influence in modern times.

Dürer, Albrecht

German painter, engraver, and theoretician; he combined Italian Renaissance techniques of realism and perspective with elements unique to the northern Renaissance, such as the use of oils in his painting. Self-portrait at the Age of Twenty-Eight.

moveable type

Individual characters made of wood or metal that can be arranged to create a job for printing and then used over again.

Desiderius Erasmus

Best-known Christian humanist; christianity should show people how to live their lives, external forms of religion (pilgrimages, fasts, relics, etc.) were not important.

Gutenberg, Johann

Developed the moveable type printing press; arguably one of the greatest inventions of all time.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement led by Martin Luther in the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Protestantism

A form of Christianity that arose during the protestant revolution in the 16th century that supported justification by faith alone and only two of the original seven sacraments.

Martin Luther

A German monk and professor of theology who helped to lead the protestant reformation. Believed in justification by faith alone, disliked indulgences, wrote the 95 Theses.

95 Theses

Written by Martin Luther and nailed to the doors of a church, rebutted the selling of indulgences.

usury

Charging borrowers a fee on money loaned to them. Discouraged by the Roman Catholic Church as it was believed that what you earn has to be done through work and lending money was not considered such.

indulgences

A document absolving individuals of the punishments for a sin that is signed by the pope or some other church official.

theology

The study of religion.

pluralism

The holding of multiple church offices; led to poor leadership as institutions were often separated geographically.

simony

The buying and selling of church positions; twelve-year-old bishops.

nepotism

Favoritism of family members.

salvation by faith

Primary doctrine of the Protestant Revolution; championed by Martin Luther who believed that no amount of good works would ever be enough in the eyes of god, so faith in Jesus alone was enough.

Predestination

Calvinist belief that God has already determined whether each individual will go to heaven or hell and that there is no changing that.

Henry VIII

King of England whose desire to divorce his wife Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn pushed him to separate from the Roman Catholic Church and form the Anglican Church.

Anglican Church

Church of England established by Henry VIII, similar to the Roman Catholic Church, but the king was now head of the church.

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin.

John Calvin

French theologian who established himself in Geneva, Switzerland, leading the creation of the Calvinist Church with beliefs in double predestination.

Catholic Counter Reformation

The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation in which it tried to reform itself. The Council of Trent, cleaning up of the worst abuses, seminaries, Jesuits, Index of Prohibited Books, Inquisition, Baroque art.

Jesuits

The Society of Jesus founded by Ignatius Loyola. Complete loyalty to the pope and led many missions to places where others did not want to go.

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church. Reaffirmed doctrine and the core beliefs of Roman Catholicism.

Inquisition

A tribunal that tried those accused with heresy. Papal, Spanish (torture), etc.

Society of Jesus

The Jesuits, loyal to the pope.

Ignatius Loyola

Founder of the Jesuits.

Elizabeth I

English Queen and successor to Mary Tudor who calmed the unrest between the Catholics and Protestants.

Peace of Augsburg

Treaty between Charles V and the Lutheran princes. All denizens of a region must be of the religion of that region chosen by the prince, religious tolerance.

Spanish Armada

The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.

Edict of Nantes

Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.

Thirty Years' War

Conflict between the Roman Catholics and German Protestants.

Treaty of Westphalia

Ended Thirty Years War; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic.

Philip II

King of Spain; helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England. Spanish Golden Age.

Cardinal Richelieu

Tried to promote France to an absolute monarchy, influenced the thirty year's war.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought.

market system

A system in which individuals control production of goods and distribution of resources.

join-stock company

A company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders; profits shared.

Common Law

A legal system based on custom and court rulings.

Oliver Cromwell

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War.

commerce

The buying and selling of goods.

demographics

Statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it.

Scientific Revolution

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a creator, but that God does not interact with human kind.

Inductive Method

A process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them.

Rene Descartes

17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completely separate; known as father of modern rationalism.

Francis Bacon

Scientist who developed the scientific method.

Bureaucratic monarchy

A monarchy with various offices to collect taxes, keep order, and enforce laws.

Divine Right of Kings

Doctrine that states that the right of ruling comes from God and not people's consent. Defying the king was equivalent to defying god.

Fredrick the Great

King of Prussia who used the military to strengthen the nation's power.

Hapsburg Family

Powerful Catholic family that controlled many European states. Majority of the Holy Roman Emperors came from this family.

Enlightened despot

Absolute monarchs who pursued legal, social, and educational reformed inspired by the Enlightenment.

Louis XIV

The Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

Absolutism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Peter the Great

Russian tsar who introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

Catherine the Great

Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796).

The Last Supper, Leonardo da Vinci

The School of Athens, Raphael

The Sistine Chapel ceiling, Michelangelo

David, Michelangelo

Mona Lisa, Leonardo da Vinci

The Birth of Venus, Botticelli

Il Duomo, Brunelleschi

Arnolfini Portrait, Jan Van Eyck

Self-Portrait at the Age of Twenty Eight, Albrecht Dürer

Aztecs

Around from 1345-1521, Mesoamerica/Modern day Mexico.

Incas

Around from 1438-1533, South America Andes Mountains.

Vasco de Gama

Portuguese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean.

Sir Francis Drake

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada.

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China/India.

Conquistadors

Spanish soldiers and explorers who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain.

Hernan Cortez

Spanish Conquistador who defeated and conquered the Aztec Empire.

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

Francisco Pizzaro

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese prince that established a school for navigation and sent explorers out on expeditions.

Mestizos

People of Native American and European descent. Below the Creoles in the Las Castas systems.

Peninsulares

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.

Creoles

People of Spanish Descent born in the New World, children of Peninsulares. Below Peninsulares in the Las Castas system.

Encomiendas

Grants given to settlers of land and the labor of the slaves on it. In return, the landowners were supposed to protect the natives and educate them in christianity, however, this was often ignored and the natives were exploited.

Galleons

Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Council of Indies

Spanish government body that issued all laws and advised king on all issues dealing with the New World colonies.

Viceroyalties

The name for the four administrative units of Spanish possessions in the Americas: New Spain, Peru, New Granada, and La Plata.

Mit'a labor system

A system of forced labor in South America established by the Inca but exploited by the Spanish. Labor was originally a tribute to the Incan emperor.