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atom

building block of all molecules

molecule

two or more atoms connected with a strong bond

proton

positively-charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom

neutron

non-charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom

electron -

negatively-charged particle that orbits around an atom in a cloud

ion

a charged atom with a different number of electrons than the uncharged form

anion

an ion with more electrons than the uncharged form (negatively-charged)

cation

an ion with fewer electrons than than the uncharged form (positively-charged)

valence electron

electron in the outer shell, possibly available to participate in bonds

electronegativity

attraction of electrons toward an atom's nucleus

covalent bond

connection formed when two atoms share electrons

polar covalent bond

type of covalent bond resulting from unequal sharing of electrons

non-polar covalent bond

type of covalent bond resulting from equal sharing of electrons

ionic bond

attraction between atoms that have opposite charges

hydrogen bond

attraction between a partially positively-charged hydrogen atom and another partially negatively-charged atom

partial charge

unequal distribution of electrons caused by a polar covalent bond

hydrophobic interaction

aggregation of non-polar molecules in water or other aqueous environment

van der Waals interaction

small repulsions and attractions between atoms caused by fluctuations in the electron cloud

surface tension

organized layer of water molecules where water meets air

cohesion

the tendency of water molecules to stick to each other

adhesion

the tendency of water molecules to stick to other polar molecules

specific heat

the amount of energy required to raise a given volume of a substance by one degree Celsius

lattice

the structure formed by water molecules as they cool to form a solid

density

the number of molecules in a given space

acid

a substance that increases the concentration of protons in a solution

base

a substance that decreases the concentration of protons in a solution

pH

a numerical scale that indicates how acidic or basic a solution is relative to water

buffer

a molecule that can donate or absorb protons to stabilize the pH of a solution

buffer range

the section of the pH scale in which a particular buffer can function

concentration

the ratio of substance per volume of solution

molarity

the number of moles of a substance per liter of liquid

stock

a concentrated solution used to make other, less concentrated solutions

hydroxyl

a functional group made of one oxygen and one hydrogen

carbonyl

a functional group made of a single double-bonded oxygen

carboxyl -

a functional group made of a double-bonded oxygen, one single-bonded oxygen, and a hydrogen

amino

a functional group containing nitrogen and hydrogen

phosphate

a functional group containing phosphorus and oxygen

methyl

a functional group containing carbon and hydrogen

carbon skeleton

a carbon and hydrogen structure to which functional groups are attached

functional group

portion of a molecule with defined chemical properties

isomer

alternate form of a molecule, differing in shape but not chemical composition.

structural isomer

isomer resulting from changes to the overall bonding pattern of a molecule

geometric isomer

isomer resulting from changes next to a double bond; bonding pattern remains the same in both isomers but spatial orientation is different

optical isomer

isomer resulting from changes next to an asymmetric carbon; isomers are mirror images of each other

molecule

covalently connected atoms

cell

membrane bound basic unit of life

tissue

coherent mass of a single cell type

organ

assembly of tissues that performs a new function

organ system

group of organs that work together for one function

organism

individual member of a species, regardless of complexity

population

organisms of the same species living in one area

community

all the organisms in a geographical area, comprised of populations of different species

ecosystem

living and non-living elements of an area

biosphere

all living and non-living elements of a planet

complexity

measure of the number of constituent parts

emergent property

function or characteristic present at a given level of complexity, not present at the next lowest level

\---------- are structured at many interrelated levels.

Biological systems

The structure and properties of chemicals determine the

\----- and \-------- of molecules in organisms.

behavior and functions

monosaccharide

- sugar made of only one monomer

disaccharide

- sugar made of two monomers

polysaccharide

- sugar made of many monomers

cellulose

- polysaccharide used for structure by plants

starch

- polysaccharide used for storage by plants

amylose

- unbranched starch

amylopectin

- branched starch

glycogen

- polysaccharide used for storage in humans

Alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkage

- covalent bond found in glycogen and starch

Beta 1-4 glycosidic linkage

- covalent bond found in cellulose

Alpha 1-6 glycosidic linkage

- a branch point in glycogen and amylopectin

glucose

- a hexose and an aldose

fructose

- a hexose and a ketose

sucrose

- a disaccharide made of glucose and fructose

lactose

- a disaccharide made of glucose and galactose

maltose

- a disaccharide made of two glucose monomers

ribose

- a pentose and an aldose

deoxyribose

- a pentose with one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose

hydrocarbon

- molecule made of only carbon and hydrogen

saturated hydrocarbon

- hydrocarbon with no double bonds and the maximum number of hydrogens

unsaturated hydrocarbon

- hydrocarbon with one or more double bonds and less than the maximum number of hydrogens

fatty acid

- hydrocarbon with a carboxyl group on the end

glycerol

- a three carbon molecule which serves as a framework for lipids

phospholipid

- lipid made of two fatty acids, a glycerol, and a hydrophilic head

triglyceride

- lipid made of three fatty acids and a glycerol

fat

- a common term for triglycerides

sterols

- class of molecules featuring four fused carbon rings

cholesterol

- sterol found in membranes

hydrophilic

- chemical property meaning "can interact with water"

hydrophobic

- chemical property meaning "cannot interact with water"

amphipathic

- chemical property meaning "can interact with both water and hydrophobic molecules"

amino acid

- an organic molecule that is the building block of proteins

polypeptide

- a chain of many amino acids linked together

peptide bond

- the covalent bond linking two amino acids

alpha helix

- a spiral shape stabilized by hydrogen bonding

beta-pleated sheet

- a structure in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth; stabilized by hydrogen bonding

disulfide bridges

- a covalent bond formed between the sulfurs of cysteine monomers

chaperonin

- a protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins

primary structure

- the specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

secondary structure

- the three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide as determined by coiling or folding due to hydrogen bond formation between components of the polypeptide backbone

tertiary structure

- the three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide as determined by interactions of the side chains involved in various bonds