Heartsaver First Aid (HOSA)

final set

first aid

immediate care given before a trained professional arrives and takes over

If someone is off-duty, are they obligated to provide first aid?

No

Before providing first aid, it’s important to … the ill/injured person if you may help.

ask

Steps to asking to give first aid

1. If person is responsive, introduce yourself and ask if you may help

2. If person agrees, give first aid

3. If person refuses, call 911 and stay with them until someone with adv. training takes over

4. If person is confused or cannot answer, assume that they want you to help

4 actions needed when supplying a first aid kit

1. Keep the supplies in a sturdy, watertight container that is clearly labeled

2. Know where the first aid kit is

3. Replace what you use so the kit is ready for the next emergency

4. Check the kit at the beginning of each work period

Before doing anything else, make sure the scene is…

safe

How to assess the scene

Danger - look out for danger and move injured if safe

Help - Look for people to help and call 911

Who - Figure out who’s injured and what happened

Where - Location

If you’re not a good swimmer, should you save someone from drowning?

No (or be very careful)

Do you always need to wash your hands after taking off gloves?

Yes

Steps for washing hands

1. Wet hands with clean running water (warm if available) and apply soap

2. Rub hands together for at least 20 sec

3. Rinse hands

4. Dry hands. Use paper towel to turn off faucet

Use …. …………. if you can’t wash your hands with soap and water

hand sanitizer

Treat everyone’s blood as ………….

infected

Steps for universal precautions

1. Wear PPE

2. Use biohazard bag for disposables that have touched bodily fluids

3. Follow company’s plan for disposing biohazard bag

4. Wash hands after taking off gloves

Should you use latex gloves, and why?

No because latex allergies are common

Three examples of bloodborne diseases

HIV, Hep. B, Hep. C

Steps for exposure to blood

1. Take off gloves

2. Wash hands and contact area

3. Rinse eyes, nose, or mouth if they were in contact with bodily fluids

4. Tell company’s emer. response supervisor and contact a healthcare professional

Steps for taking off gloves

1. Pull off first glove inside out

2. Cup first glove with other hand

3. Place 2 fingers inside cuff of second glove

4. Pull off second glove inside out (with the first glove inside it)

5. Dispose of gloves properly

6. Wash hands

Call for 911 when…

Someone is seriously injured, or you’re not sure what to do in an emergency

Phoning for help (alone)

1. Yell for help

2. If no one answers and immediate care isn’t needed, leave to call 911 and get a first aid kit and AED

3. Return to ill/injured person

Phoning for help (with others)

1. Stay with the ill/injured person

2. Send someone else to call 911 and get first aid kit and AED

When do you hang up on 911?

When the dispatcher tells you to

T or F: Skipping the dispatcher’s questions will make help arrive quicker

False

What types of problems are looked for first before first aid is given?

Life threatening

Gasping is a sign of …… ……. in someone who doesn’t respond

cardiac arrest

Is gasping considered normal breathing?

No

Finding the Problem

1. Check if scene is safe and look for signs of the problem’s cause

2. Tap the person and shout, “Are you OK?”

   Responsive: Ask for permission to help and ask what the problem is

   Unresponsive: Call 911 and get first aid kit and AED

3. Check if person is breathing. Do CPR and use AED if not.

4. Look for signs of injury, like bleeding, burns, etc.

5. Look for medical information jewelry to see fi they have a serious medical condition

When a person is unresponsive, the tongue may…

fall back and block the airway

Two parts of an inhaler

medicine chamber and mouthpiece

Assembling and using an inhaler

1. Shake medicine

2. Put medicine into medicine chamber

3. Remove cap from mouthpeice

4. Attach space if one is available

5. Tilt person’s head back slightly and have them breathe out slowly

6. Put inhaler in person’s mouth

7. Push down on the top of the medicine canister. Have person breathe in slowly and deeply

8. Have person hold breath for 10 sec, then breathe out slowly

Helping someone with breathing problems

1. Make sure scene is safe

2. Ask person if they have medicine. Get it for them if applicable

3. Ask the person if you have the right medicine

4. Assemble and use inhaler

5. Call 911 if the person doesn’t have meds, doesn’t get better after meds, or breathing gets worse

6. Stay until a professional takes over

7. Give CPR if needed

Signs of mild choking

Person can make sounds and cough loudly

What should you do for mild choking?

Stand by and let them cough. Call 911 if worried about breathing

Signs of severe choking

Cannot breathe, has a cough with no sound, cannot talk, makes the choking sign (holding neck with hands)

Helping a (severely) choking adult

1. Ask, “Are you choking?”

2. Get behind them and wrap your arms around so your hands are in front

3. Make a fist with one hand

4. Put thumb side of fist slightly above belly button and well below breastbone

5. Grasp fist with other hand and give quick upward thrusts into abdomen

6. Give thrusts until object is forced out or until they stop responding

If your hands cannot wrap around the person fully, you should…

Give thrusts on the chest by putting hands on lower half of breastbone

Helping a choking adult who stops responding

1. Give CPR if needed

2. Continue CPR until they are responsive or until a professional takes over

You may help give an Epi-Pen injection IF…

you are approved to do so by your state regulations and company

Can an Epi-Pen be injected through clothing?

Yes

Steps for Epi-Pen

1. Get prescribed Epi-Pen

2. Take off safety clip and follow instructions on the pen

3. Hold the Epi-Pen in fist without touching either end (to avoid needle)

4. Push end with needle hard against the side of the thigh, about halfway between hip and knee. Give injection through clothing or on bare skin

5. Hold pen in place for 10 sec

6. Remove needle by pulling pen straight out

Signs of mild allergic reaction

Stuffy nose, sneezing, itching, hives

Signs of severe allergic reaction

Trouble breathing, swelling of tongue and face, signs of shock

Steps for severe allergic reaction

1. Make sure scene is safe

2. Call 911 and get the first aid kit

3. Ask to use Epi-Pen (if person is responsive)

4. If needed and allowed, use Epi-Pen on person

5. Rub the injection spot for 10 sec

6. Dispose of it properly

7. Note time of injection

8. Give CPR if needed

Save a ……… of what caused an allergic reaction

sample

Fainting

short period when a person stops responding for less than a minute then seems fine

How is fainting usually caused?

Not enough blood going to the brain

Common causes of fainting

Stands without moving for a long time (especially in hot weather), heart condition, suddenly standing after squatting or bending, receiving bad news

Steps if a person is dizzy but still responds

1. Make sure scene is safe

2. Help person lie flat on the floor

3. If person doesn’t improve or stops responding, call 911

Steps if person faints and starts to respond

1. Ask person to continue to lie on floor until they can sit up and feel normal

2. If person fell, look for injuries

3. Call 911

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Biggest cause of death in the US

Heart disease

The ..... ........ of a heart attack are the most important

first minutes

Signs of a heart attack

chest discomfort, discomfort in upper body (arms, jaw, etc.), shortness of breath, cold sweat, nausea, light-headedness

Who are more likely to have less typical signs of a heart attack?

women, the elderly, and diabetics

Atypical signs of a heart attack

heartburn, indigestion

Many people won't ..... that their discomfort may be caused by a heart attack

admit

Steps if someone is having a heart attack

1. Make sure the person stas calm and rests

2. Call 911

3. Ask someone to get first aid kit and AED

4. Give 2 low-dose or 1 regular aspirin IF the person is not allergic, has no serious bleeding, and has no signs of a stroke

5. Give CPR if needed

Instead of having an ill/injured person drive themselves to the hospital, you should...

stay with them until a professional takes over

Can too little sugar cause problems in a diabetic person?

Yes

Causes of low blood sugar

not eaten, vomiting, not eaten enough for level of activity, injected too much insulin

Signs of low blood sugar

change in behavior, sleepiness, not responding, hunger, thirst, weakness, sweating, pale skin, seizure

Steps for low blood sugar

1. Give person something that contains sugar to eat or drink IF they can sit up and swallow

2. Have them sit quietly or lie down

3. Call 911

Examples of what to give to a diabetic with low blood sugar

fruit juice, milk, sugar, honey, soft drink

Diet foods have no...

sugar

Does chocolate have enough sugar for a diabetic with low blood sugar?

No

Strokes occur when...

blood stops flowing to a part of the brain

What can cause a stroke?

bleeding or a blocked blood vessel in the brain

Are the signs of a stroke very sudden or gradual?

sudden

In order to reduce damage from a stroke, treatment must be given within the first...

hours

Signs of a stroke

sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg (esp. on one side of the body), sudden confusion, trouble speaking, trouble understanding, sudden trouble seeing, sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance, sudden severe headache with no known cause

Steps for a stroke

1. Make sure scene is safe

2. Call 911 and get a first aid kit and AED

3. Note time stroke started

4. Give CPR if needed

Seizure

abnormal electrical activity in the brain

Seizures are often caused by...

epilepsy

Causes of seizures

epilepsy, heart suddenly stops beating, head injury, low blood sugar, heat-related injury, poisons

The person may bite their ....... during a seizure

tongue

Signs of a seizure

lose muscle control, fall to ground, jerk arms, legs, or other body parts, stop responding

Steps for DURING a seizure

1. Make sure scene is safe

2. Protect person by moving furniture or other object away and placing a small towel or pad under the person's head (if easy to do)

3. Call 911

Steps for AFTER a seizure

1. Give CPR if needed

2. Stay with person until a professional takes over

3. If the person is vomiting or has fluids in mouth, roll them to their side (IF the person doesn't have a head, neck, or spine injury)

Shock

not enough blood flowing to the cells of the body

Causes of shock

loss of a lot of blood (may or may not be visible), severe heart attack, severe allergic reaction

Signs of shock

weak, faint, dizzy, nauseaous, thirsty, pale or grayish skin, restlessness, agitated, confusion, cold and clammy to touch

Steps for shock

1. Make sure scene is safe

2. Call 911 and get a first aid kit and AED

3. Help person lie on their back

4. Cover person in shock to keep them warm

5. Give CPR if needed

Bleeding often looks ..... than it is

worse

Most bleeding can be stopped with...

pressure

While you put on PPE, you should ask the person (if able) to...

put direct pressure on the wound

Dressing

wound covering used to stop bleeding and helps prevent infection

Examples of a dressing

gauze pad, clean piece of cloth, gloved hand

When to call 911 for bleeding

lots of bleeding, cannot stop the bleeding, signs of shock, head/neck/spine injury, not sure what to do

Steps for bleeding you can see

1. Make sure scene is safe. Get first aid kit. Wear PPE

2. Put a sressing on the wound. Apply direct pressure on the dressing by using the flat part of your fingers or your palm

3. If bleeding doesn't stop, add more dressings on the top first and press harder

4. Keep pressure on wound until it stops bleeding

5. If you can't keep pressure on wound, wrap a bandage firmly over the dressing to keep it in place

When can you apply antibiotic ointment?

If the wound is a small scrape or surface cut and if the person doesn't have any allergies to the antibiotic

Do you apply the antibiotic ointment before or after you apply a clean dressing?

before

Before applying dressings for a MINOR cut/scrape, you should...

wash the area with lots of clean water

Bandage

A material used to protect or cover an injured body part and help keep pressure on a wound

Steps for bandaging

1. Make sure scene is safe. Get first aid kit. Wear PPE

2. Use direct pressure with dressings to stop any bleeding

3. Apply the bandage over the dressings

When is a tourniquet used?

when an arm or leg has severe bleeding and it won't stop with direct pressure

Windlass

stick-like object used to tighten the tourniquet

Steps for using a premade tourniquet

1. Make sure the scene is safe. Call 911. Wear PPE

2. Place tourniquet 2 inches above injury (if possible)

3. Tighten the tourniquet until the bleeding stops

4. Note what time the tourniquet was put on

5. Get medical help as soon as possible

6. Leave the tourniquet on until a professional takes over

Steps for making and using a tourniquet

1. Make sure scene is safe. Wear PPE

2. Fold a cloth or bandage so that it's long and at least 1 inch wide

3. Wrap the bandage 2 inches above the injury, if possible

4. Tie the ends of the bandage around a stick (or something stick-like)

5. Turn the stick to tighten the tourniquet

6. Continue tightening until the bleeding stops

7. Secure the stick so the tourniquet stays tight

8. Note what time the tourniquet was placed

9. Get medical help as soon as possible

What type of bandages are ideal for making tourniquets?

Triangular bandages

Should you remove old dressings before you addd new ones?

No