anatomy ig

organ

structure with 2 or more types of tissues

What does Epithelial tissue do

cover, line, and protect the body and its internal organs

What does Epithelial tissue make up?

glands that secrete and produce hormones

Squamous Epitelial tisssue

flat and found on lining of surfaces and need blood flow. Thin surface so substances can be exchanged through a barrier

Cubodial Epithelia

used for secretional or absorbtive needs. kidney or glands.

columnar epithelia

long thin and secrete mucus, recieve sensory info

Simple Epithelial Tissue

single layer and absorb

Stratified Epithelia

withstand chem/ mechanical stress and also multilayred

connective tissue

supports connects, isulates, protects, transports, and binds

connective tissue proper

fats, fibourous tissues that insulate and protect while acting as fuel

Cartilage(connective)

supports cushions and protects organs from env

bone(connective)

supports organs from outside

blood(connective)

transports substances through the body.

connective tissue are different from other tissue as they have an

extracellular matrix

the extracellular matrix has

ground substance(jellylike), fibers andcells

muscle tissue

tightly packed cells that allow movement

skeletal muscle

A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton that provides movement.(looks like corn)

smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body(allows to propel substances along pathways) and looks stretchjed out

cardiac muscle

muscle in the heart that propels blood through your body.

what causes muscle contraction

filaments within fiber that shorten muscle

Nervous tissue

main component of nervous system and regulates communication.

sensory input

receives stimuli via millions of sensory receptors throughout the body

integration

Processing and interpretation of sensory input

motor output

Activation of effector organs (muscles and glands) produces a response

neurons

excitable cells that react to stimuli

Neuron(cell body)

containing nucleus and most organelles

Neuron(dendrites)

main receptor of signals and input region

Neuron(axon)

generates and transmits nerve impulses conducting regional nerve fibers.

Neuron(axon terminal)

end of axon that releases nuero transmitters at a synapse

myelin sheath

covers teh long axon(fibers) to protect and electrically insulate them to increase speed of nervous impulse(full of schwan cells) complete purple section

nodes of ranvier

Gaps in the myelin sheath to which voltage-gated sodium channels are confined.

Central Nervous System

brain and spinal chord(integration and control center)

Cerebrum

biggest part of the brain made of left and right parts. 4 parts. functions in learning speech emotion sight. surfact is cerebral cortex that folds to increase area

frontal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement

paretial lobe

that controls processes such as language and sensory information

temporal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language.

occipital lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information

Cerebrellum

under cerebrum. coordinates timing and controls smooth movement.

brainstem

relays info between brain and chord and control invoulantary mvmt

Peripheral nervous system(PNS)

spinal and cranial nerves and comms system between CNS and rest of body

Sensory(PNS)

sensory fibers that recieve stimuli

motor(PNS)

sends out info from brain to organs like muscles to contract glands that will secrete

somatic motor nerve

conduct impulses from CNS and control voluntary movements

autonomic motor nerve

visceral. motor nerves that control involuntary movement

parasympathetic

calms you down( does the oppostite of sympatetic) Rest and digest

sympathetic

excites/ amps you up focuses on what your body needs "fight or flight"

vision

the dominant sense in humons where 70% of receptors are

photoreceptors

in eyes that convert light into electrical energy that can travel in the brain(rods;black and white and cones;color)

sclera(fiberous layer)

anchoring site for excentric eye muscles

cornea(fiberous layer)

window that lets light into the eye

vascular layer of the eye

supplies all layer with blood and has the eye muscles around the len

iris

colored part of the eye. smooth rings of muscle between corne and lens that expans to change pupil size

pupil

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

inner layer

retina. millions of pohotreceptors that convert light e into APs that travel through optic nerve into the thalmus

fovea centrails

gives clearest vision

optic nerve

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

lens

the convex transparetn disk that focuses the light that is allowed in and projects it onto the retina

vitreous humor

jellylike substance found behind the lens in the posterior cavity of the eye that maintains its shape

aqueous humor

fluid in the eye, found between the cornea and the lens

3 main components of the cardiovascular system

heart blood vessels and blood

blood flow

volume of blood flowing through vessel, organ, or entire circulation in given period

Resistance

measure of friction encountered by bloods viscosity

blood pressure

force of unit area exerted on a vessel wall by blood inside of it

factors that increase bloodflow

resistance and BP

factors that affect blood flows resistance

viscosity length of vessel and diameter of vessel

What is the difference between arteries and veins

arteries go away from the heart, veins go to the heart

where are capillary beds located

organs and tissues

What do venous valves do

Pericardium

Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.

Where is your heart

on top of your diaphram infrom of your spine with lungs on either end

Right and Left Atria

Two superior chambers Receive blood returning to heart

superior vena cava

Recieves blood from reigon above diaphram

Inferior vena ceva

Recieves blood from reigion below diaphram

Right and Left ventricle

push blood out of hte heart to rest of the body

pulmonary trunk

where the right ventricle pumps the blood into to send to lungs

Aorta

Where hte left ventricle pumps blood to send it to the rest of hte body

coronary sinus

collects blood draining from the myocardium

How does blood flow through your heart

Blood enters through 3 veins(superior/inferior vena ceva and cornory sinus) into right atrium. RIght atrium pushes blood through triscuspid valve into right ventricle. Right ventricle pumps blood through pulminary semlunar valve into the pulmonary trunk which then goes to the lungs to be oxygenated. Blood then goes into the relaxed left atrium through the 4 pulmonary viens. This contracts so blood goes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle which contracts releasing blood to the rest of the body through the aorta.

Pulmonary circulation

where blood goes to lungs and back while releasing CO2

systematic circulation

blood goes from left side of the heart to the rest of the body.

coronary circulation

flow of blood to and from the tissues of the heart

Gas exchange

supplies blood with O2 and disposing CO2. C02 goes out of blood into alveli and O2 goes into blood out of alveoli

Conducting Zone

warms, humidifies, and filters air as it travels to the respiratory zone

Nasal cavity

where the air enters the nostrils from

Where does air move after teh nasal cavity

goes through pharnx which connects mouth the the larynx(voice box) and then to esophagus. air goes down the trachea which splits into the right and left brochi that enter the lungs

Lungs

Right lungs has 3 lobes left has 2 and is surrounded by membranes. that line thoractic wall. primary bronchi divide into secondary and tertiary bronchi

Respiratory zone

where gas exchange occurs in teh bronchioli alveolar ducts and alveoli

alveoli

where broncioli empty out into and wehre gas exchange occurs

diaphram

muscle that moves lungs by contracting changing the volume in lungs

Breathing

inspiration: when air moves into lungs muscles contract and diaphram lowers increasing lung volume allowing air flow in

expiration: muscles realax allwoing pressure to rise causing air flow out.

The urinary system maintains homeostaiss

of water volume

kidneys regulate

water volume, ion concertrations, acid-base balance, excretion of forign substances, red blood cell production, and blood pressure. also converts leftover amino acids to carbohydrates.

Nitrogen from amino acids is converted to amonia

renal cortex

where nephrons are

renal medulla

formed of uring collecting tubles and capillaries

renal pelvis

delivers oxygenated blood from heart ot kidney

renal aretery

delivers oxygenated blood from heart to kidney

renal vien

Carries blood away form the kidney

nephrons

the structural and functional units of the kidneys which are microscopic filtering units