Biology Exam Semester 1

Xylem

water conducting cells in plants

Annuel Ring

layers of wood in a single growth season

Springwood

larger cells, filled with water, lighter color

Summerwood

smaller, compact dry cells, darker color

Hardwood

Deciduous(loose leaves)

Softwood

Coniferous(never loose leaves)

Sapwood

newer growth, large cells, moving water, softer

Heartwood

filled in, older cells, support to tree

ecosystem

including the living organisms(all the pop.) in an area and the non-living aspects of the environment

Primary Succesion

a new community that colonizes an area where there is no soil

Secondary Succesion

a new community develops in a disturbed site where the soil that supported a precious community remain

Species

a group of organisms that are genetically related and can breed to produce fertile young

Population

group of organisms belonging to the same species that live in the same area and interact with one another

Community

all of the populations of different species that live in the same area and interact with one another

Ecosystem

study of interactions among biotic and abiotic aspects of the area

Biosphere

all the parts of the Earth that can support life

Biotic

anything that is currently or previously living

Abiotic

all the non-living things

Biome

large community of vegetation and wildlife adapted to a specific climate(vegetation, soil, climate, wildlife)

Aquatic

Freshwater or marine

surrounded by land, 3/4 of the earth’s surface

Grassland

Tropical or temperate

open region, grass, warm/dry climate

Forest

Tropical or Temperate or Boreal

1/3 of surface, terrestrial, biodiversity, warm/humid climate

Desert

Hot/dry or Semiarid or Coastal or Cold

dry, little rainfall, 20% of earth

Tundra

Arctic or Alpine

not biodiverse, not much vegetation

Animal

no cell wall

multi-celled

heterotrophic

aero-restoration

sexual reproduction

ability to move

eukaryote

Plant(Plantae)

cell wall

multi-celled

**AUTOTROPHIC**

**ANAEROBIC**

sexual/asexual

unable to move

eukaryotic

Fungi

cell wall

multicelled

heterotrophic

aerobic

**SPORES**/asexual/sexual

not move

eukaryotic

Protista

no/cell wall

unicelled/multicelled

auto/heterotrophic

aerobic/anaerobic

asexual/sexual

move/not move

eukaryotic

**EVERYTHING BUT PROKARYOTE**

Monera

cell wall

unicelled

auto/heterotrophic

aerobic/anaerobic

asexual/sexual

move/not move

**PROKARYOTIC**

Aerobic Respiration Equation

C6H12O6 + 6(O2) →6(CO2) + 6(H2O) + ENERGY

Anaerobic Respiration Equation

6(CO2) + 6(H2O) + LIGHT → C6H12O6 + 6(O2)

Transpiration

process of water leaving the plant through stomata

Stoma

tiny holes in the leaves that used for gas exchange and transpiration

Guard Cells

open/close gap for stoma to prevent extra water lose and up take of CO2

Food Chain

ordered list of who eats whom in an ecosystem

Producer

plant/microorganism that can make its own food

Photosynthesis

process of creating sugar and oxygen from water and light and CO2

Primary Consumer

plant-eating animals(herbivore)

Secondary Consumer

Omnivores or Carnivores

Top Predator

Final consumer, no predators of its own

Trophic level

levels on food chain, representing a position on the food chain

food web

map of the many paths for the movement of energy between all organisms

Decomposers

organisms who recycle nutrients back into soil by consuming water and decaying plants and animals

Diff btw food chain and web

Chain- single path showing energy movement

Web- complex network of feeding relationships

Biogeochemical cycle

cycle in which converied matter moves through the biotic/abiotic parts of an envirment

Biosphere(Biogeochemical cycle)

Carbon

Hydrogen

**NITROGEN**

Oxygen

**PHOSPHOROUS**

Sulfur

Nitrogen Cycle

nitrogen fixation, limiting nutrient

Phosphorous cycle

limiting nutrients → Eutrophication

Biodiversity

all of the variations that are found among different species and among members of the same species

Niche

functional role of an organism in its ecosystem

Habitat

place where an organism lives in an ecosystem

Resources

all of the items obtained from the living/nonliving environment to meet an organism’s wants/needs

Tolerance

physical factors that affect organisms survival(temp, pH, salinity)

adaptations

inheritable traits that give organisms advantages in survival and reproduction success

Competition

where 2 organisms compete for limited resources

**INTER**specific competition

community, different species(birds vs. squirrels)

**INTRA**specific competition

population, same species(male rhinos compete for mate)

Prokaryote

no nucleus

Eukaryote

has a nucleus

Cytoplasm

fluid inside cell

Nucleus

where genetic info is stored, where RNA copies DNA

DNA

genetic info, double helix, deoxynucleic acid, subunits called nucleotides

Gene

sequence of nucleotides, codes for hereditary traits

RNA

copy of DNA, single helix, ribonucleic acid, subunits called nucleotides

Ribosome

synthesis, links amino acids together to build proteins

Amino Acids

molecules that combine to form protein

Protein

large, complex molecules, structure dictates their function

Protein Syntesis

1) RNA forms a copy of DNA in nucleus

2) ribosome uses RNA to create amino acid chains

3) amino acid chain fold into functional protein

Denaturing

secondary and tertiary structure of protein altered

loss of structure → loss of function

Receptors

each protein has its own, protein folding ensures the protein structure matches its receptor, can be inside or outside cell

Protein Types

antibodies

contractile proteins

**ENZYMES**

**HORMONES**

structure protein

storage protein

transport protein

Enzymes

protein that speeds up chemical reactions, needed to convert food into energy, usually ends in -ase

Hormones

chemical messenger protein

Pheromones

chemical factor produced by animals that triggers a social response in members of the **same species**

Allelochemicals

chemical produced by an organism that influences the germination, growth, survival, and reproduction of **other organisms**

Chromatin

mess ball of yarn, how DNA “lives“

Chromosome

half of a chromatid

Short chromosome

short segment separated by the centromere region

Long chromosome

long segment separated by the centromere region

Centromere region

where 2 chromosomes connect

Chromatid

each copy when it is connected to the replicated chromosome

Nucleosome

DNA is wound around

Histone

protein, make nucleosomes

Meiosis

cell division that produces gametes

Gametes or Haploids

sex cells

Crossing Over

genetic exchange between homologous pairs

Allele

variation of traits

Homozygous

NN, nn

Heterozygous

Nn

Genotype

homozygous or heterozygous inheritance

Phenotype

physical appearance of trait

Nondisjunction

n+1 or n-1, gametes with too many/little chromosomes

Stability

the ability of a living system to withstand or recover from externally imposed changed or stresses - provided the stresses are not too severe

Inertia(persistence)

the ability of a living system to resist being disturbed or altered

Resilience

the ability of a living system to restore itself close to an original condition after being exposed to an outside disturbance that is not too drastic

Constancy

the ability of a living system to maintain a constant size or keep its numbers within certain limits

Carrying Copasity

largest population an ecosystem can sustain indefinitely with available resources

Limiting Factors

what determines the carrying capacity(food, water, habitat, competition)

Symbiosis

the interaction between 2 different organisms that lives close physical association, typically to the advantage of both

Mutualism

both benefit