iu

Two wires carry datasignals

one conductor carries a positive signal; the other carries a negative signal. They are made of 22 or 24 gauge copper wiring

Plenum Cable

is fire resistant and non-toxic; it must be used when wiring above ceiling tiles

PVC cable

cannot be used to wire above ceilings, because it is toxic when burned.

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

has a grounded outer copper shield around the bundle of twisted pairs or around each pair. This provides added protection against EMI.

Unshielded Twisted Pair(UTP)

does not have a grounded outer copper shield. UTP cables are easier to work with and are less expensive than shielded cables.

Phone Cable(RJ11)

is used to connect a PC to a phone jack in a wall outlet to establish a dial-up Internet connection. It has two pairs of twisted cable (a total of 4 wires).

Cat 3 (RJ45)

3 is designed for use with 10 megabit Ethernet or 16 megabit token ring.

Cat 5(RJ45)

supports 100 megabit Ethernet and ATM networking. Cat 5 specifications also support gigabit (1000 Mb) Ethernet

Cat 5e (RJ45)

is similar to Cat 5 but provides better EMI protection. It supports 100 megabit and gigabit Ethernet.

Cat 6(RJ45)

supports 10 Gbps Ethernet and high-bandwidth, broadband communications. Cat 6 cables often include a solid plastic core that keeps the twisted pairs separate and prevents the cable from being bent too tightly.

Cat 6a(RJ45)

is designed to provide better protection against EMI and crosstalk than Cat 6 cabling. Cat 6a provides better performance than Cat 6, especially when used with 10 Gbps Ethernet.

RJ11

• Has 4 connectors

• Supports up to 2 pairs of wires

• Uses a locking tab to keep the connector secure in an outlet

• Used primarily for telephone wiring

RJ45

• Has 8 connectors

• Supports up to 4 pairs of wires

• Uses a locking tab to keep the connector secure in an outlet

• Used for Ethernet and some token ring connections

Coaxial Cable

cable is an older technology that is usually implemented with a bus topology. It is not suitable for ring or star topologies, because the ends of the cable must be terminated. It is composed of two conductors that share a common axis within a single cable

Coaxial Cable Advantages

• Highly resistant to EMI (electromagnetic interference)

• Highly resistant to physical damage

Coaxial Cable Disadvantages

• More expensive than UTP

• Inflexible construction (more difficult to install)

• Unsupported by newer networking standards

Inner conductor( coaxial cable is built with)

carries data signals. It is made of copper or copper coated with tin.

Mesh Conductor ( coaxial cable is built with)

conductor is a second physical channel that also grounds the cable. It is made of aluminum or copper coated tin

Insulator (coaxial cable is built with)

surrounds the inner conductor and keeps the signal separated from the mesh conductor. It is made of PVC plastic.

Mesh( coaxial cable is built with)

that surrounds the insulator and grounds the cable. It is made of aluminum or copper coated tin.

Cable encasement( coaxial cable is built with)

surrounds and protects the wire. It is made of PVC plastic.

RG 58

Uses 10Base2 Ethernet networking (also called Thinnet) Resistance rate; 50ohms

RG 59

Uses Cable TV and cable networking Resistance rate; 75ohms

RG 6

Uses Cable TV, satellite TV, and cable networking

RG-6 has less signal loss than RG-59 and is a better choice for networking applications, especially when longer distances (over a few feet) are involved.

Resistance rating; 75ohms

RG 8

Uses 10Base5 Ethernet networking (also called Thicknet) Resistance rate; 50ohms

F Type

• Twisted onto the cable

• Used to create cable and satellite TV connections

• Used to connect a cable modem to a broadband cable connection

BNC

• Molded onto the cable

• Used in 10Base2 Ethernet networks

AUI

• Is a DB15 serial connector

• Used in 10Base5 Ethernet networks

To connect computer using fiber optic cables

two fiber strands One strand transmits signals, and the other strand receives signals

Components of fiber optic cabling

• The core carries the signal. It is made of plastic or glass.

• The cladding maintains the signal in the center of the core as the cable bends.

• The sheathing protects the cladding and the core.

Fiber optic cabling advantages

• Totally immune to EMI (electromagnetic interference)

• Highly resistant to eavesdropping

• Supports extremely high data transmission rates

• Allows greater cable distances without a repeater

Fiber optic cabling disadvantages

• Very expensive

• Difficult to work with

• Special training required to attach connectors to cables

Single Mode

• Data transfers through the core using a single light ray (the ray is also called a mode).

• The core diameter is around 10 microns.

• At distances up to 3 km, single mode delivers data rates up to 10 Gbps.

• Cable lengths can extend a great distance.

Multimode

• Data transfers through the core using multiple light rays.

• The core diameter is around 50 to 100 microns.

• At distances of under 2 km, multimode delivers data rates up to 1 Gbps.

• Cable lengths are limited in distance.

ST connector

• Used with single mode and multimode cabling.

• Has a keyed, bayonet-type connector.

• Also called a push-in and twist connector.

• Each wire has a separate connector.

• Nickel plated with a ceramic ferrule to ensure proper core alignment and to prevent light ray deflection.

• As part of the assembly process, the exposed fiber tip must be polished to ensure that light is passed on from one cable to the next with no dispersion.

SC Connector

• Used with single mode and multimode cabling.

• Has a push-on/pull-off connector type that uses a locking tab to maintain connection.

• Each wire has a separate connector.

• Uses a ceramic ferrule to ensure proper core alignment and to prevent light ray deflection.

• As part of the assembly process, the exposed fiber tip must be polished.

LC connector

• Used with single mode and multimode cabling.

• Composed of a plastic connector with a locking tab, similar to a RJ45 connector.

• A single connector with two ends keeps the two cables in place.

• Uses a ceramic ferrule to ensure proper core alignment and to prevent light ray deflection.

• Is half the size of other fiber optic connectors.

MT RJ Connector

• Used with single mode and multimode cabling.

• Composed of a plastic connector with a locking tab.

• Uses metal guide pins to ensure that it is properly aligned.

• A single connector with one end holds both cables.

• Uses a ceramic ferrule to ensure proper core alignment and to prevent light ray deflection.

FC Connector

• Used only with single mode cabling.

• Each wire has a separate connector.

• Uses a threaded connector.

• Designed to stay securely connected in environments where it may experience physical shock or intense vibration.

Fiber coupler

• Used in optical fiber systems with one or more input fibers and one or several output fibers.

• Light entering an input fiber can appear at one or more outputs.

• Power distribution potentially depends on the wavelength and polarization.

• Wavelength-sensitive couplers are used as multiplexers.

Adding connectors onto a fiber optic cable

• Keep the area as clean as possible.

• Cut the cable with a clean 90 degree cut.

• Polish the end of the cable prior to adding the connector. Use special polishing film and tools for polishing cable ends.

• Glue or crimp the connector onto the cable.

• Cover or cap any connectors that won't be hooked up immediately.

• If necessary, you can directly splice two cable ends together; however, this requires expensive and specialized equipment.

Working with fiber optic cabling you can use media converters to switch between different network media

• Single mode fiber to copper Ethernet wiring

• Multimode fiber to copper Ethernet wiring

• Single or multimode fiber to coaxial wiring