final for bio 213

Anatomy

scientific discipline that investigates the body structure

physiology

scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things

gross or macroscopic anatomy

structures examined without a microscope

regional anatomy

studied area by are

systemic anatomy

studied system by system

surface anatomy

external form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging

types of gross/macroscopic anatomy

surface anatomy

systemic anatomy

regional anatomy

microscopic anatomy

structures seen with the microscope

cytology

cellular anatomy

histology

study of tissues

pathology

structural and functional changes caused by disease

exercise physiology

changes in structure and function caused by exercise

the 6 levels of organization within the body

chemical (interaction of atoms)

cell

tissue

organ

organ system

organism

integumentary system

protection, regulates temperature and water loss

skeletal system

protection, support, mineral storage

msucular system

movement

lymphatic system

cleanses blood and lymph , combats disease

respiratory system

regulates blood pH, exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide

digestive system

absorption of nutrients and elimination of wastes

nervous system

higher thinking, control center of the body

endocrine system

regulates hormones (which in turn control everything else like metabolism)

anterior/ventral

toward the front of the body

posterior/dorsal

toward the back of the body

proximal

towards the point of attachment

distal

away from the point of attachment

superior

towards the head

inferior

towards the feet

caudal

referring to the head region

lateral

away from the midline

medial

toward the midline

frontal

forehead region

orbital

eye region

nasal

nose region

oral

mouth region

cervical

neck region

pectoral

chest region

sternal

breastbone/sternum region

mammary

breast region

abdominal

abdominal region

umbilical

naval region

inguinal

groin region

pubic

genital region

otic

ear region

buccal

cheek region

mental

chin region

clavicular

collarbone region

axillary

armpit region

brachial

arm region

antecubital

front the elbow

antebrachial

backside of elbow

carpal

wrist region

palmar

palm region

digital

fingers/toes

femoral

thigh region

patellar

kneecap region

crural

lower leg region

talus

ankle region

dorsum

top of the foot

pedal

foot region

occipital

base of the skull

scpular

scapular region

nuchal

back of the neck

vertebral

spinal column

lumbar

lower back region

sacral

tailbone region

gluteal

buttock region

cranial

skull region

acromial

point of the shoulder

olecranon

point of the elbow

popliteal

hollow in the back of the knees

sural

calf region

plantar

bottom of the foot

calcaneal

heel region

sagittal plane

frontal plane

transverse plane

what separates the body cavities thoracic and abdominopelvic?

the diaphragm

what contains all structures of the thoracic cavity except the lungs

the mediastinum

__________ serous membrane covers the surface of an organ

visceral serious membrane

_________ serous membrane is in contact with the body wall

parietal serous membrane

pericardium

refers to the heart

pleura

refers to the lungs

peritoneum

refers to the abdominopelvic cavity

metabolism

the collective term used for the sum of all of the anabolic and catabolic reactions in the body

anabolism

when two or more reactants chemically combine to form a new and larger product

catabolism

a large reactant is broken down to form smaller products

functions of a cell

communication, metabolism and energy use, reproduction and inheritance

glycocalyx

a combination of carbohydrates and lipids and proteins on the outer surface of the plasma membrane of a cell

membrane potential

the charge difference inside and outside the cells membrane

phospholipids form the

lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane

how does cholesterol affect the plasma membrane of a cell?

the more cholesterol, the less flexible and therefore the less permeable the membrane

integral membrane proteins

proteins that extend deeply into the membrane, often extending from one surface to the other

peripheral membrane proteins

attached to integral proteins at either the inner or outer surfaces of the lipid bilayer