Bio 111- Final

Module 1: Connection Between Diet and Energy Module 2: How Do We Get Nutrients into Our Cells? Module 3: How Do We Get Energy from Food? Module 4: How Do Energy Drinks Work

Energy

The capability to do work

\- transfer energy between energy molecules and muscle fibers or individual components within a cell

Kinetic energy

movement

Potential Energy (Mechanical Energy)

Has the potential to do work, stored energy

solar energy

__radiant__ energy __emitted__ by the sun.

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Chemical Energy

Energy stored in chemical bonds

hypothesis

Laws

Statements that use information obtained from theories to develop descriptions of natural phenomenon are called

First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but it can change forms

energy conversions

photosynthesis is not creating energy, it is converting light energy from the sun to chemical energy in the plant

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Energy conversions are inefficient and some energy will ALWAYS be lost

Third Law of Thermodynamics

Energy flows from higher (more ordered or efficient) forms to lower/less ordered or efficient energy forms

Plant Energy Conversions

Solar energy → Chemical energy → ATP

ATP

adenosine triphosphate

ATP equation

adenine + ribose (sugar) + 3 phosphate groups

ADP equation

adenine + ribose (sugar) + 2 phosphate groups

Animal Energy conversions

plants (or animals) sugars → ATP

Organic Nutrients (Biological Macromolecules)

Hydrogen and other elements covalently bonded to carbon

carbs (monomers)

monosaccharides

carbs (polymers)

polysaccharides

carbs

Chains of sugar molecules (carbon rings with 3 – 7 carbons)

• Quick energy source (preferred)

• form long polymers, broken down by digestive enzymes

monosaccharides

simple sugars ex: glucose, galactose, fructose

disaccharides

2 monosaccharides, usually glucose ex: maltose, lactose, sucrose

polysaccharides

long chains of glucose, may be branched or unbranched

ex: starch, glycogen, fiber

glucose in blood: 3 fates

energy needed, energy not needed: short term → stored as glycogen

long term → fat storage

proteins (monomers)

amino acids

proteins (polymers)

polypeptides

Fats (monomers)

glycerol, fatty acids

lipids

fats, sterols, phospholipids

fats

Long-term energy storage, insulation

sterols

reg growth and development

phospholipids

Form cellular membranes

Fats (polymers)

triglycerides (don’t form long polymers)

saturated fats

raise bad cholesterol, create blockage, heart disease, solid at room temp

saturated fats structure

Straight fatty acids can be packed together tightly, hydrocarbon chain bound to two hydrogen atoms

unsaturated fats

liq at room temp, crooked fatty acids cant be packed together tightly

unsaturated fats structure

one carbon, one hydrogen, double bond

nucleic acids (monomers)

nucleotides

nucleic acids (polymers)

DNA, RNA

theory

An accepted explanation for natural phenomenon that has been continually tested and verified is called a(n)

heterotrophs

outsource energy from food

form of chemical energy

food

Hydrocarbon Chains

Carbon is the backbone of organic molecules necessary for life because it forms long chains of hydrogens and carbons

Carbon

Carbon

Most versatile element on earth - 4 valence electrons means many covalent bonds

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Carbohydrates

Chains of sugar molecules, which are rings of 3-7 carbon molecules -monosaccharides -quickly accessed as an energy source (preferred energy source)

Proteins

Amino acids

Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides

hydrogenation

Unsat fats: leads to straighter hydrocarbon tail shape by converting some double bonds in the tail to single bond Trans: some or all of the double bonds remain in the “trans” orientation.

triglycerides

Mainly made of C,H,O

sterols

carbon arranged in four rings instead of chains

Cholesterol

Component of animal cell membranes, can attach to vessel walls, causing blockage

Steroid Hormones

reg sex devel, maturation, and sex cell prod

steriod hormones: estrogen

memory/mood

steriod hormones: testosterone

muscle growth

Dehydration synthesis

join monomers to form a polymer by removing a water molecule

phospholipids

compose membrane of all living cells

amino acids

Amino group and carboxyl group bound to a chain of amino acids

Order, identity and # of amino acids determine protein function

PRIMARY STRUCTURE

sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain, sim to the sequence of letters that spell out spec word

SECONDARY STRUCTURE

corkscrew-like twists or pleated folds formed by hydrogen bonds between amino acids in polypeptide chains

TERTIARY STRUCTURE

three-dimensional shape formed by multiple twists and bends in the polypeptide chain, based on the side chains’ interactions with each other and with the aqueous solvent

QUATERNARY STRUCTURE

Two or more polypeptide chains bonded together

Hydrolytic Reaction (Hydrolysis)

Breaking polymers down into monomers by adding a water molecule

Do energy drinks contain energy?

NO

Digestive System

1. Break down incoming nutrients, transport to cells of the body
2. Supply cells w water
3. Remove undigested waste

Pathway of Energy

Sun → Plant Sugar → Digestion →Cells

Mechanical Digestion

Physically breaking down food into smaller pieces

\- mouth and stomach

Chemical Digestion

Breaking down nutrients using enzymes

\- liver

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Salivary Gland

Lubricate food and provide enzymes to begin carbohydrates digestion

Mouth

Breaks up food by mechanical digestion and begins chemical digestion of carbs and lipids

Liver

Produces bile to assist in lipid digestion; processes and stores many different forms of nutrients

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Gallbladder

Stores bile until needed by the small intestine

Esophagus

Transports food from the oral cavity, through the diaphragm into the stomach

Stomach

Mechanical mixing of food: start of protein digestion

Pancreas

Produces digestive enzymes for use in small intestine

Large Intestine

Elimination of undigested materials and reabsorption of water and salts

Small Intestine

Maj organ of digestion and absorption

\- folds, villi increase efficiency and max nutrient absorption, has capillaries and lacteals, increase surface area

capillaries

inside villi connect small intestine to circ system

Lacteals

inside villi transport fat-soluble molecules to lymph system

Enzymes

Metabolic catalysts; they make chemical reactions occur faster

Activation Energy

"Energy speed bump" between the reactants and final product

energy needed to get the reaction started

Enzymes lower activation energy

How Enzymes Work

1. Binding to one or more reactants or substrates at the active sight
2. Enzymes and substrates form an enzyme: substrate complex which stresses out the molecules and forms a connection
3. Leads to the formation of a different molecule → new product →enzyme resumes its physical state and free to work again

Enzyme Regulation

Conditions can change the shape of active site and ability to interact with substrates

temp and pH make an enzyme active site to change or stop working

Feedback Inhibition

product at the end of pathway has ability to turn off enzyme (form of enzyme regulation)

amylases

Break down carbs

• Send simple sug to blood stream

Digestive Enzymes

Break down carbs, proteins and lipids into molecules that move into cell lining of small intest. or circulating or lymph system

PEPTIDASES

Break down proteins, sends amino acids to blood stream

LIPASES

Break down fats, send simple fats (monoglycerides) to lymph system

Cells

smallest unit of life that displays all properties of life

what do all cells have?

ribsosmes, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, DNA

3 domains of life

eukaryotes, bacteria, archea

Prokaryotic Cells

Simple-celled organisms

* lack nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle
* DNA found in nucleotide
* Bacteria and Archea

Eukaryotic Cells

Organelle Membrane Organelle

* plant and animal cells
* posses a nucleus and membrane with specific functions

Mitochindrion

Act as all-purpose energy converters. Harvests energy to be used for cellular functions

* POWER HOUSE OF THE CELL
* when a bacterial cell took up residence inside another cell

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parts of mitochondria

DNA, Matrix, Outer membrane, Inner membrane Intermembrane space, Matrix, Outer membrane, Inner membrane

Symbiosis

Individuals of two diff species live in physical contact, often for mut benefit

Endosymbiosis

when an indiv of one species lives inside an indiv of another species

ENDOSYMBIOSIS HYPOTHESIS

Mitochondria originated from bacterial cell that took up residence inside another cell

Plasma Membrane

the boundary of the cell

* can exclude, allow in or remove different substances
* regulates internal environment of the cell

how many human cells are there?

30 trillion

how many bacteria, archaea, and fungi cells

39 Trillion, more cells than stars in milky way galaxy

EUKARYOTIC CELLS & MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES

Membrane-bound compartments inside cells w specific functions