Blood

Composition, cell types, and hematopoiesis

Blood

Tissue responsible for the transport of nutrients, O2, CO2, waste products, hormones, and heat. Associated with the immune system, fluid balance, and pH regulation.

plasma

The largest component of blood.

Erythrocytes

The second largest component of blood

8, 10

Blood makes up roughly __-__% of body weight.

formed elements

Blood is categorized as platelets or

millions

In normal, healthy animals, Erythrocytes are present in magnitudes of (THOUSANDS/HUNDRED THOUSANDS/MILLIONS) per microliter.

thousands

In normal, healthy animals, leukocytes are present in magnitudes of (THOUSANDS/HUNDRED THOUSANDS/MILLIONS) per microliter.

hundred thousands

In normal, healthy animals, platelets are present in magnitudes of (THOUSANDS/HUNDRED THOUSANDS/MILLIONS) per microliter.

neutrophils

The largest percentage of leukocytes in a normal blood composition is composed of

plasma

(PLASMA/SERUM) proteins include albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen.

serum

(PLASMA/SERUM) proteins include albumin and globulins, but not fibrinogen

proteins

Roughly 7% of plasma is composed of

water

The largest component of plasma is

plasma

inorganic salts, lipids, hormones, vitamins, and carbohydrates contribute to the (PLASMA/FORMED ELEMENTS)

plasma

Globulins contribute to the (PLASMA/FORMED ELEMENTS)

formed elements

Platelets contribute to the (PLASMA/FORMED ELEMENTS)

plasma

Fibrinogen contribute to the (PLASMA/FORMED ELEMENTS)

plasma

Albumin contribute to the (PLASMA/FORMED ELEMENTS)

5

Leukocytes are generally broken down into (#) types of cells.

Monocytes

Leukocytes are generally broken down into: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and

Lymphocytes

Leukocytes are generally broken down into: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and

basophils

Leukocytes are generally broken down into: neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and

eosinophils

Leukocytes are generally broken down into: neutrophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and

neutrophils

Leukocytes are generally broken down into: eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and

leukocytes

White blood cells are more accurately referred to as

thrombocytes

Plasma cells are called __________ in non-mammalian species.

size

protein gel electrophoresis is used to separate plasma proteins by

antibody

A steep increase in a particular globulin (often measured by gel electrophoresis) indicates increased ________ production.

plasma p[roteins

Albumin and globulin are

solutes

Electrolytes, non-protein nitrogen-containing compounds, nutrients like glucose/lipids, gasses, and hormones are examples of ____________ found in plasma.

O2 transportation

The primary function of erythrocytes.

Defense

The primary function of leukocytes.

homeostasis

the primary function of platelets

hematopoiesis

The proliferation and progressive differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into mature blood cells.

gestation

Hematopoiesis is not primarily the function of bone marrow until about halfway through

spleen

The _______ is never the primary site of hematopoiesis, but it does play a minor role during gestation and can contribute to hematopoiesis in adults in times of severe anemia or in species that require an extra "boost" of blood like cheetahs.

erythropoiesis

The process of making true red blood cells.

leukopoiesis

The process of making white blood cells.

thrombopoiesis

The process of making platelets.

hematopoietic stem cells

Hematopoiesis starts in the bone marrow with what cell type?

hematopoietic stem cell

HSC stands for

Common lymphoid progenitor

CLP stands for

Common myeloid progenitor

CMP stands for

lymphocytes

CLPs give rise to all

blood

CMPs give rise to all __________ cells aside from lymphocytes.

erythrocytes

Due to their shared myeloid progenitor, platelets are more closely related to (ERYTHROCYTES/LEUKOCYTES).

nuclei, organelles

Mammalian erythrocytes have no ___________ or __________.

erythrocytes

Amphibians, reptiles, fish, and birds have very large, nucleated ____________

8

In mammals, erythrocytes are roughly _ micrometers, larger than capillaries!

erythrocytes

Circular, flattened, bi-concave mammalian cells.

surface area, volume

The discoid shape of mammalian RBCs gives them a larger _______ to _______ ratio

diffusion distance, gas exchange

The discoid shape and plasticity of erythrocytes contributes to the minimal _________ _________ allowing for efficient _______ _______.

cytoskeleton

What erythrocyte structure allows them to have great tolerance for shape change without sustaining damage?

O2 levels

Erythropoiesis is regulated by cellular

iron

Most important nutrient for erythropoiesis

B

__ vitamins, copper, cobalt, and iron are nutrients needed for erythropoiesis.

copper

B vitamins, ___________, cobalt, and iron are nutrients needed for erythropoiesis.

cobalt

Iron, B vitamins, copper, and _________ are nutrients needed for erythropoiesis.

hypoxia

Initial trigger for erythropoiesis.

hypoxemia

Low O2 levels in the blood

hypoxia

Low O2 levels in the tissues

kidney

Organ that detects hypoxia and secretes EPO.

EPO

___ stimulates proliferation and maturation of erythropoietic precursor cells in the bone marrow

48

It takes (6/8/12/24/48/72) hours to generate and release new erythrocytes into the blood stream.

RBC lifespan

A patient with renal disease enters the clinic. What RBC factor determines when you will see anemia on their labwork?

Is not, cells, fluid, proportionally

A HBC patient comes into the clinic. Your vet student wants to take a hematocrit to assess anemia. This test (IS/IS NOT) useful at this time because _______ and ________ are lost (PROPORTIONALLY/ DISPROPORTIONATELY)

alpha, beta

Hemoglobin is made up of 2 ___ globin chains and 2 ___ globin chains.

Reversibly

Oxygen binds (REVERSIBLY/IRREVERSIBLY) to hemoglobin.

hemoglobin

2,3DPG binds to

reduces

Binding of 2,3DPG to hemoglobin (INCREASES/REDUCES) the affinity of Hemoglobin for O2.

HCO3-

The majority of CO2 is carried in the plasma as

hemoglobin

H+ binds to ________ to enhance O2 release.

anaerobic glycolysis

Erythrocytes use ________ ________ as a source of energy.

oxidative injury

Glutathione protects erythrocytes against

oxidative injury

Since RBCs carry a lot of O2, they're at an increased risk for

antioxidant

Who needs blueberries when Glutathione is an _________ related to glucose?

glutathione

GSH is an abbreviation for

methemoglobin

Cytochrome B5 reductase reduces __________ to hemoglobin.

Methemoglobin

Oxidized hemoglobin

3

Roughly _% of Hemoglobin is oxidized daily.

normal

Oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin is (NORMAL/ABNORMAL) in a healthy animal.

organelles

RBCs cannot synthesize anything after maturation due to their lack of

oxygen

2,3-DPG production from an intermediate within the glycolytic pathway promotes release of ________ from Hemoglobin into tissue

splenic macrophages

Despite the ability of cytochrome B5 reductase to reduce methemoglobin, combination of oxidative injury and reduced ATP production results in the need for __________ __________ to remove old erythrocytes from circulation.

reduced ATP production

Oxidative injury and _________ _________ _________ results in the need to remove aged erythrocytes.

oxidative injury

Reduced ATP production and ___________ __________ results in the need to remove aged erythrocytes.

surface membrane alterations

Oxidative injury and reduced ATP production result in _________ __________ ________, reduced plasticity, and even membrane inversion of erythrocytes.

reduced plasticity

Oxidative injury and reduced ATP production result in surface membrane alterations, ________ ________, and even membrane inversion of erythrocytes.

membrane inversion

Oxidative injury and reduced ATP production result in surface membrane alterations, reduced plasticity, and even _________ ________ of erythrocytes.

phosphatidylserine

Inversion of the RBC membrane exposes __________, a negatively charged molecule.

splenic macrophages

Macrophages that remove aged/injured erythrocytes.

splenic macrophages

Oxidative injury and reduced ATP production result in surface membrane alterations, reduced plasticity, and membrane inversion of erythrocytes makes them easy targets for

bilirubin

A splenic macrophage will break down hemoglobin into iron, globin, and

globin

A splenic macrophage will break down hemoglobin into iron, bilirubin, and

iron

A splenic macrophage will break down hemoglobin into globin, bilirubin, and

MPS

The primary source of bilirubin is the

mononuclear phagocytic system

MPS stands for

albumin-bound

Indirect/unconjugated bilirubin is _______________ when it is released in the blood.

liver

The site of bilirubin conjugation

direct

(INDIRECT/DIRECT) bilirubin is easier to excrete through bile ducts.