100 word final whap

Democracy

A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

Republic

A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting

Direct Democracy

A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives

Separation of Powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

Legislative Branch

the branch of government that makes the laws

Executive Branch

the branch of government that carries out laws

Judicial Branch

the branch of government that interprets laws

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Baron de Montesquieu

French aristocrat who wanted to limit royal absolutism; Wrote The Spirit of Laws, urging that power be separated between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each balancing out the others, thus preventing despotism and preserving freedom. This greatly influenced writers of the US Constitution. He greatly admired British form of government.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

Voltaire

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

Magna Carta (1215)

An English document draw up by nobles under King John which limited the power of the king. It has influenced later constitutional documents in Britain and America.

Parlamentary

A system of government in which the legislature selects the prime minister or president.

Monarchy

A government ruled by a king or queen

Dictatorship

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Totalitarianism

A political system in which the government has total control over the lives of individual citizens.

The Wealth of Nations (1776)

Adam Smith , capitalism, laissez faire, "invisible hand"

Capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Communist Manifesto (1848)

A book written by Karl Marx. It suggested that there would be a social revolution in which the proletariat (working class) would overthrow the bourgeoisie (middle class factory owners) and then set up a classless, socialist community. This book was the blueprint for communist governments around the world.

Communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

American Revolution

This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.

Haitain Revolution (1791-1804)

A two phase rebellion where the slaves in Haiti rebelled against the French. First to free themselves, and then for independence.

Latin American Revolutions

The Spanish colonies of South America struggle for independence from Portugal and Spain

Simon Bolivar

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Toussant L'Ouverture (Haiti)

Was a former slave who lead a slave rebellion in Haiti. Rebellion was against Haiti's colonial Assembly who had resisted French orders that decreed that free property-owners on Haiti should enjoy the same rights as white owners. He and his followers took up arms against the white plantation owners, with the French backing them up. Later, he achieved dominance in Hispanola, there he imposed a consitution on Haiti and made himself Governor-General for life while keeping his ties to the French. Later, Napoleon comes into reign, and distrusting him, sends troops to capture him and execute him.

Maximilien Robespierre

Revolutionary leader who tried to wipe out every trace of France's past monarchy and nobility

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

English Civil War

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

Scientific Method

A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s

Tenement

A building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety

Unions

An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages.

strike

Nonviolent refusal to continue to work until a problem is resolved.

Boycott

A group's refusal to have commercial dealings with some organization in protest against its policies

reform

to change for the better

legislation

the act of making or enacting laws

Child Labor

Children were viewed as laborers throughout the 19th century. Many children worked on farms, small businesses, mills and factories.

enclosure

the process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers

rural

relating to farm areas and life in the country

urban

in, relating to, or characteristic of a city or town.

Declaration of Independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women).

Declaration of Sentiments

declared that all "people are created equal"; used the Declaration of Independence to argue for women's rights

Slavery

A system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people.

Abolition

The movement to make slavery and the slave trade illegal. Begun by Quakers in England in the 1780s.

English Bill of Rights (1689)

Established freedom from taxation without representation, outlawed cruel and unusual punishment, guaranteed the right to bear arms, and many other rights. Many of these same rights are included in the U.S. Constitution.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

Amendment

A change in, or addition to, a constitution or law

market

a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service

supply

The amount of goods available

demand

the desire to own something and the ability to pay for it

profit motive

the force that encourages people and organizations to improve their material well-being

Suffrage

the right to vote

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

colony

A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent.

Protectorate

A country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power.

Sphere of Influence

A foreign region in which a nation has control over trade and other economic activities.

ideological

based on beliefs or ideas

economic

the system in a country that involves making, buying, and selling goods

White Man's Burden

idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized

Christianity

A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.

Islam

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.

Judism

the religion of the Jews, comprising a belief in and worship of one god only

Monotheism

Belief in one God

Polytheism

Belief in many gods

Militarism

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

Alliances

agreements between nations to aid and protect one another

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

WWI

A war fought from 1914 to 1918 between the Allies, notably Britain, France, Russia, and Italy (which entered in 1915), and the Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire.

Schileffen Plan

Germany's military plan at the outbreak of World War I German troops would rapidly defeat France and move east to attack Russia

Western Front

A line of trenches and fortifications in World War I that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other.

Trench Warfare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.

No Man's Land

Territory between rival Trenches, very dangerous

Armistice

an agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time; a truce.

treaty

a formal agreement between the governments of two or more countries

Sovereignty

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Reparations

As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.

Article 231 (War Guilt Clause)

clause of the Treaty of Versailles that dealt the harshest punishment to Germany; placed sole responsibility for the war on Germany's shoulders; Germany had to pay severe reparations to the Allies; $32 billion

Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

Weimar Republic

German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy.

Russian Revolution

Prompted by labor unrest, personal liberties, and elected representatives, this political revolution occurred in 1917 when Czar Nicholas II was murdered and Vladimir Lenin sought control to implement his ideas of socialism.

Nazism

Adolf Hitler used fascism to create this type of government based on totalitarian ideas and was used to unite Germany during the 1930s.

Fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

Proxy War

a war in which the powers in conflict use third parties as substitutes instead of fighting each other directly

Iron Curtain

A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region

Containment

A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances

Cuban Missile Crisis

The 1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba.

Chinese Civil War

War between communist Mao Zedong and nationalist Chaing-Kai Shek. The communists took over and forced the nationalists to retreat to Taiwan

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.

Soviet-Afghan War

war between Afghanistan and USSR. Afghanistan wins with the help of the US. Big defeat for the USSR.

Partition of India

This led to the movement of millions of people in South Asia after India got its independence from Britian.

Gandhi

This was a leader of the Indian independence movement in mid-20th century known for his nonviolent protests.

Decolonization of Africa

withdrawal of European nations from Africa that occurred between 1955 and 1965; 35 new countries were established

Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.