World History H MIDTERM

Why did Socrates question Athenians about their beliefs?

To try to get them to think about the real truths and reconsider their self-beliefs.

How did balance and order govern Greek architecture?

They tried to convey the idea of perfect balance in their artwork, guided by principles like harmony and order.

What was the main contribution that Herodotus made to the study of history?

He taught many things that the first Europen universites taught and that we also are being taught in school as well.

What is the difference between Greek comedy and tragedy?

Comedy was entertaining but tragedy was usually made to warn people about what could happen in the future.

How do you think the points of view of Herodotus and Thucydides influenced their approaches to writing history?

He reflected his view that "the war was a clear moral victory of Greek love of freedom over Persian tyranny." However, th described the war as "savage" and he corrupted influence on all those involved.  Even though he was an Athenian, he wanted to be fair to both sides. 

Identify examples of how literature reflects the history of Rome.

It tried to either explain that Roman history was heroic to spread patritosim or to do the opposite.

Describe the architectural elements developed or adapted by the Romans.

They were features of Greek architecture but they preferred grandeur.

What was the impact of Roman ideas in mathematics, science, and technology?

The fact that their structures are still here today, they could create maps, and they helped doctors improve public health with their medical knowledge.

In what ways did the Church gain economic power during the Middle Ages?

They took 1/10 of peoples’ incomes as a tax to fund the church. If people couldn’t pay, they would make you give up livestock, goods, or work for free.

What were some of the effects of the Great Schism?

The Byzintine empire and the Western Europen churches were split. They then adapted different rituals that were important to them.

How were Jews treated in Muslim Spain during the Middle Ages?

They were treated well/tolerated.

What were Church attitudes towards women in medieval Europe?

They belived that they couldn’t make their own descicions and that the men were more powerful than them. They had ideas of the ideal woman.

What role did the Church play in daily life during the Middle Ages?

The rituals were practiced on a daily basis so they were big parts of peoples’ daily lives.

What were three effects of the Black Death on late medieval Europe?

Rise of kill rates/People thinking it was the leaders’ fault/Economy suffered.

How did the second Great Schism affect Church authority and power and contribute to the end of medieval Europe?

It caused disputes between the two groups and made them question each others’ athority.

How did Joan of Arc’s execution affect the French forces?

She was a Martyr and considered a saint.

What were some of the characteristics of the Italian Renaissance?

The revival of Greek/Roman cultural styles and a big relegious movement.

How did Italy’s trade with the Muslim world contribute to the Italian Renaissance?

Muslims would come to Italy with knowledge to give to the Italians.

What new ideas and techniques resulted in more realistic and accurate portrayals of people in Renaissance paintings?

It helped get more realistic/accurate portrayals of people.

What Renaissance theme appears in Machiavelli’s book *The Prince?*

Accepting that the values of princes such as glory and survival can justify the use of immoral stragaties to achieve what they want to achieve.

What was the impact of the Italian Renaissance in the field of architecture?

They adopted more of a Greek/Roman style.

What effects did the invention of the printing press have on European society?

More people were about to afford books so there were more educatd people because they were learning how to read.

How did the Flemish painters Jan van Eyck and Pieter Bruegel’s realistic portrayals of townspeople and peasants reflect common themes in Renaissance art?

Some of the common themes were humanism and realism, which they use in their paintings.

Why is the German artist Albrecht Dürer compared to the Italian Renaissance figure Leonardo da Vinci?

He was innovative in addition to creating art.

What intellectual topics did the Renaissance humanist Sir Thomas More explore?

Religion, government, and political economy.

Shakespeare wrote plays about historical figures such as the Roman general Julius Caesar. How does this reflect an important aspect of the Renaissance?

He went back to Roman history which it was partially based on.

How did rebellions against the Roman Catholic Church affect northern European society?

It was split because of their different opinions.

Why did the sale of indulgences become a critical point of focus during the Renaissance but not during the Middle Ages?

It was more focused on relegion than the Middle Ages.

How did Luther’s ideas provide the catalyst for the Protestant Reformation?

More people were reading his ideas since the invention of the printing press which meant more people were reading and agreeing with him.

How did Calvin see predestination as a means to a Christian life?

He was decribing it as God's decree.

Why did some consider the Anabaptist sects radical?

Because of their opposition of baptisim as an infant.

What roles did Henry VIII and Elizabeth I play in bringing the Reformation to England?

Henry tried to get rid of Roman Catholisism and Elizabeth wanted to bring it back but by burning protestants at the stake if they didn't convert.

What steps did the Catholic Church take to reform and to stop the growth of Protestantism?

Declaring the effort to reform it as a heresy/excommunicted protestors.

Why did the Reformation see an increase in persecution of people of different beliefs or religions?

Many people wanted everyone to be the same religion and saw people who were different as protestants.

What factors led to the rise of absolute monarchies?

Decline of Feudilism/Church athority became less and less.

How did Spanish power grow under Charles V? under Philip II?

He was able to rule the two empires which helped him strengthen Spanish power. Philip was trying to have absolute power as the King of Spain.

How did France build a centralized monarchy after the wars of religion?

He was tolerant of both Cathloics and Huguenots which helped him build a monarchy that accepted both relegion.

What impact did Spanish king Philip II and French king Louis XIV have on the arts?

They both sponsored artists/writers/actors.

What were the causes and results of the Thirty Years’ War?

Cause: Forced Catholosicm

Effects: Peace of Westphalia, a treaty that allowed territorial sovereignty throughout Europe.

How were the goals of Austria and Prussia similar?

Notebook

They both wanted control of the German-Speaking states.

How did European nations try to maintain a balance of power?

They would form alliances with each other so nobody would become too powerful.

What steps did Peter the Great take to modernize Russia?

He founded a new town called st petersburg and he made it much like versilles.

How did Russia grow under Peter the Great and Catherine the Great?

They both wanted to expand Russia and worked hard to do so. That happened by fighting other countries for that land.

Why was James I resistant to working with Parliament?

He belived in the aboslute power of kings.

What was the Long Parliament?

The Vritish parlament fromed by Charles I.

Who was Oliver Cromwell?

The proptector of the British Commonwealth.

What is the main feature of a constitutional government?

The rule of law.

How did France’s social divisions in the late 1700s contribute to the revolution?

The higher classes were treated better than the lower classes causing the lower classes to revolt.

Why was the conflict between the clergy and the Third Estate the most divisive in the course of the revolution?

The clergy was rich and could pay taxes but instead of them paying taxes the poor people had to pay the taxes instead.

How might the complaints of a peasant and a merchant compare during the revolution?

Merchants needed to make money selling something but people were too poor to buy from them and the peasants might have needed something but couldn't afford it.

What characteristics of the Third Estate helped fuel the Revolution?

They were angry which caused them to revolt.

What did the Tennis Court Oath foretell about the coming events of the French Revolution?

It said that it could be a tedious war and they needed to stay united throughout the whole thing.

Compare and contrast the views of France’s radical revolutionaries to the views of its moderates.

They wanted a republic and fought hard for it.

Why was the Committee of Public Safety allowed to terrorize France during the Reign of Terror?

People thought it helped the revolution and helped them achieve their goals.

How did the Directory’s actions ultimately lead to the rise of Napoleon?

He helped overthrow the Directory which gave him more power.

What actions did the French take after the Revolution to show their patriotism?

They developed a new sense of nationalism which was reflected in how they ran their new government.

What was it about the nature of the French Revolution that led to political and social reform?

It lasted a long time and people didn’t want to go through that again so they tried to make it more fair for everyone.

What political views did Napoleon spread in Europe that angered monarchs?

He allowed equality, considered relegious toleration, and abolished feudalism.

In what way was the Continental System an act of economic warfare?

It was used to hurt Britans commerce.

In what way did Napoleon’s actions doom his dream of creating a French empire in Europe?

He forced laws upon Europe that most people didn't agree with. When Napoleon tried to undermine the Spanish Catholic Church the Spaniards fought off the French. Then when Napoleon tried to invade Russia, the French empire he wanted didn't happen.

Why might some of the French have resisted a return to a monarchy?

They fought against returning to a monarchy because it went against Enlightenment ideas and what they fought for during the Revolution.

Adam Smith

became the dominant economic power in Europe during the Industrial Revolution, he that government should leave the economy alone and not interfere with the "natural course" of free markets and free trade, lasafaire economy.

Charles I

absolute monarch, signed petition of right (prohibited kings from raising taxes without parliaments consent) but charles went against this which caused long parliament, english civil war was a resultof tensions between charles and parliament.

Denis Diderot

Diderot was an original “scientific theorist” of the Enlightenment, who connected the newest scientific trends to radical philosophical ideas such as materialism, interested in life sciences and their on our view of humanity.

Elizabeth I

Her forces defeated the Spanish Armada and saved England from invasion, she reinstated Protestantism and forged an England that was a strong and independent nation.

Henry VII

he restored power and stability to the English monarchy following the civil war.

Henry VIII

was married to six women, broke from the catholic church in hopes of ending papal authority (power of the pope), split with roman catholic church because of his desire for a male heir.

Hobbes

He believed there should be one central ruler in government because the constant fighting for power is not constructive, he would want an absolute monarchy.

Huguenots

Huguenots were French Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who followed the teachings of theologian John Calvin, believed in predestination, went against the church and wanted to reform it.

James I

The king of Scotland who also became king of England and Ireland. He deeply believed in the divine right of kings to rule over all their subjects without interference from anyone.

Leonardo DaVinci

dissected corpses and sketched nature, painted the mona lisa, painted the last supper, part of the renaissance, he used realism that was taken from classical times, known as renaissance man because of the fact that his interests and body of work spanned many subjects, media, and disciplines, reflecting the quest for knowledge and the spirit of creative adventure that embodied the Renaissance era.

Locke

He wants a more organized democracy, believed in the natural rights of man and how a ruler should value them.

Louis XIV

increased his power as an absolute monarch by bringing nobles under his control, Served as king of France from 1643 - 1715 and is considered the symbol of Absolute Monarchy.

Machiavelli

believed a successful ruler must be observant and practical rather than idealistic, wrote the prince, better to be feared then loved if you cannot be both.

Martin Luther

believed that salvation was achieved through faith, helped shape the protestant reformation by challenging the abuses of the catholic church, wrote the 95 theses, argued against indulgences (paying to get into heaven).

Maximilien Robespierre

He was leader of the committee of public safety and started the reign of terror by decaptitating people who went against the revolution using the guilotine, part of the jacobins, He was considered a radical who wanted the monarchy overthrown and the people to take over the government.

Michelangelo

under the medici family wing, christian style art, painted top of sistine chapel, had many interests (painter, sculpture, architect, and poet)

Napoleon

overthrew the directory and became first council of the new government, he later became emperor, he believed in sacrificing personal interest for the good of public, women very little rights under the napoleanic code, he ended serfdom, brought religious tolerance, created schools to advance scientific study, can be viewed as corrupt because of his selfish actions, He emerged as a leader because he took advantage of the chaos that the nation was in to get himself into the position of power. He had a lot of military experience that would make him a strong leader.

Nicholas Copernicus

He was the first European scientist to propose that Earth and other planets revolve around the sun, the heliocentric theory of the solar system.

Peter the Great

acquired new territory and expanded serfdom, believed in westernization and did it by using autocratic power to introduce rapid change.

Raphael

christian and classical styles, painted school of athens, studied leonardo and michelangelos works.

Rousseau

Rousseau dislikes absolute monarchy and prefers individual freedom (idea that they would make a contract with the government) (communism)

95 Theses

represented a direct challenge to the authority of the Church from a respected clergyman (Martin Luther), they were soon after translated from Latin into German and, thanks to the technology of the printing press, were made available to the public.

Absolute Monarch

is a form of monarchy in which the monarch rules in their own right or power. Also usually claims devine right.

Classical Style

Although it varies from genre to genre, this art is renowned for its harmony, balance and sense of proportion (realism).

Committee for Public Safety

Committee of the National Convention which formed the government and war cabinet during the Reign of Terror. Lead by Maximilien Robespierre, the commitee ultimately overthrew him because he started the reign of terror.

Congress of Vienna

The first genuine attempt to forge an 'international order', to bring long-term peace to a troubled Europe, and to control the pace of political change through international supervision and intervention.

Democracy

a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.

Denis Diderot's Encyclopedia

the humble goal in creating the Encyclopédie to encompass "all the knowledge scattered on the surface of the earth" and to provide a practical reference for tradesmen

Divine Right

is supposedly given to a king or queen by God to rule a country, usually absolute leaders claimed divine right.

Edict of Nantes

granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic.

English Bill of Rights

the impact on the development of democracy in England was ensuring Parliament’s total control over the monarchy, Series of acts passed in 1689 by the English Parliament that limited the rights of the monarchy and ensured the superiority of Parliament.

Enlightened Monarch

a form of absolute monarchy or despotism inspired by the Enlightenment. Enlightened monarchs especially embraced an emphasis upon rationality.

Enlightenment

a movement of the 18th century that stressed the belief that science and logic give people more knowledge and understanding than tradition and religion.

Estates General

the legislative body in France until 1789, representing the three estates of the realm (i.e., the clergy, the nobility, and the commons), decided on the levying of new taxes and to disscuss reforms in the country.

Humanism

an outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters. Humanist beliefs stress the potential value and goodness of human beings, emphasize common human needs, and seek solely rational ways of solving human problems.

Guillotine

became the primary symbol of the Reign of Terror and was used to executed people who went against the revolution. It was used because it could kill quick and fast, it was also a show of some sort.

Laissez Faire

a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering.

Napoleonic Code

made the authority of men over their families stronger, deprived women of any individual rights, and reduced the rights of illegitimate children. He made it because he wanted to modernize France by creating a new legal code that better reflected the revolution's principles.

Patron

a person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, cause, or activity.