psych 2000 exam 1 review

psychology

the scientific study of the mind and behavior

psychologists study

workings of the human brain, consciousness, memory, language, reasoning, personality, and mental health

structuralism

study/understanding of conscious experience (thoughts, experiences, and emotions) through introspection, individual parts of brain

introspection

used in structuralism, someone examines their own conscious as objectively as possible, makes humans like any other aspect of nature

functionalism

focuses on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment whole brain

psychoanalytic theory/psychoanalysis

therapy based on Freud's ideas, focused on person's unconsciousness (dreams, first words that come to mind, slips of the tongue) and early childhood experiences and how it affects their behavior

gestalt psychology

focuses on the "whole" brain, how the parts work in response to others, influenced "sensation and perception" and human psych

behaviorism

focused on observing and controlling behavior, conditioning, pulled psych away from the mind, emphasis on the individual

humanism

perspective within psych that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans, emphasis on becoming the best a person can be

free will

freedom to choose/shape their own destiny

multicultural psychology

develop theories and do research with diverse populations, 1 country

cross-cultural psychology

compare populations across countries

wilhem wundt

structuralism father of psychology, 1873: published first book 1879: founded 1st experimental psych lab

edward titchener

expanded structuralism wundt's student translated him to english

william james

functionalism 1st american focused on how consciousness helps us

sigmund freud

psychoanalysis austrian neurologist hysteria and neurosis

unconscious

freud says part of our mind outside of our awareness where we push down our dark urges and desires

ivan pavlov

classical conditioning work was foundation for moving psych away from the mind

john watson

"father of behaviorism" only study what is observable

little albert study

john watson phobias are learned

b.f. skinner

behaviorism behavior is affected by consequences: reinforcement/punishment

operant conditioning

reward or punish for behavior until you get the result you want

carl rogers

humanism developed client-centered therapy

abraham maslow

humanism maslow's hierarchy of needs

maslow's hierarchy of needs

physiological, security, social, esteem, self-actualization

noam chomsky

influence cognitive revolution, refocused psych on mind

margaret flay washburn

first woman to earn a dr degree in psych

martha bernal

first latina to earn dr degree, promoted representation in psych

the clarks

psychologists that did colored doll which exposed internalized racism, brown v board of education

biopsychology

mental processes can be explained by the interaction with biological factors

behavior genetics

relationship between certain genes and mental processes and behaviors

evolutionary psych

stems from functionalism, pysch adaptations help people function and survive

sensation and perception

focuses on both psych aspects of sensory systems

cognitive psych

grew in part out of gestalt psuch, cognition relates to experience/behavior language, prob solving, attention, intelligence, decision making

development psych

physical and mental attributes of aging and maturation moral reasoning, cognitive skills, social skills

jean plaget

theorized that changes in cognitive ability are due to growing up

personality psych

patterns of thoughts and behaviors make each ind. unique

OCEAN

personality psych openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

social psych

focuses on how we interact w and relate to others prejudice, attraction, how others impact our thoughts

health psych

ind. health is directly affected by the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural influences, researches stress & relationships

clinical psych

diagnosis and treatment of psych disorders and problematic patterns of behavior

industiral organizational psych

workplace industrial: job analysis, recruitment, training, employment law organizational: job attitudes, motivation, leadership, work stress and health

sports and exercise psychology

focus on psych aspects related to sports and physical performance investigates motivation, performance related anxiety

forensic psych

justice/legal system, assessment of ind. mental competency to stand in trail, sentencing and treatment suggestions

correlation

pos: move in the same direction, closer to +1 neg: move in opposite directions closer to -1 no: closer to 0

scientific method

theory hypothesis collect & analyze data summarize data

falsifiable

capable of being shown to be incorrect

For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be

perceivable and measurable

clinical/case studies

one individual pro: tremendous amount of detail, rich source for hypothesis generation con: may not generalize to others

naturalistic observation

observation of behavior in normal environment pros: realistic picture of behavior cons: hard to set up and control observer effect/bias

lab observation

pros: control over environment, specialized equipment cons: may not be accurate results

surveys

pros: quick, easy, large results, even private info cons: low accuracy, misinterpretation of questions, underrepresentation

archival research

past records are used to answer various research or to look for correlation

cross-sectional research

compare multiple segments of a population at a single time (dif age groups)

longitudinal research

same group of individuals over an extended period of time

confounding variable

outside factor that affects both variables, gives false impression

operational

description of what actions and operations will be used to measure the dependent variable and manipulate the independent variable

IRB (Institutional Review Board)

board that reviews proposals for research involving humans and approves or denies

informed consent

process of info a research participant about what to expect during an experiment and then gain consent risks, implications, remind that participation is voluntary, data is confidential

IACUC (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee)

board that reviews proposals for research involving non-human animals, must minimize pain or distress

cells in nervous system

neurons and glial cells

glial cells

provide scaffolding for NS, facilitate neuronal communication, insulate neurons, transport nutrients and waste, mediate immune responses

neurons

central building blocks of the NS, sends and receives messages throughout the body, 100 billion

soma

the cell body of the neuron responsible for maintaining the life of the cell

nucleus

contains DNA, manufactures all proteins of that cell

dendrites

receive messages from other neurons

axon

carries neural message from cell body to axon terminals to communicate with other cells

axon terminals/buttons

axonal branches of the neuron, communication btwn cells

myelin

fatty substance that coats axons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse

synapse

space between terminal button of one neuron and dendrite of another

neurotransmitters

chemicals found in synaptic vesicles that when released have an effect on the next cell

agonists

mimic or enhance effects of neurotransmitter

antagonists

block or reduce the effects of neurotransmitter

acetylcholine

learning, memory, skeletal muscle movement alzheimer's

serotonin

mood, hunger, sleep/arousal depression

dopamine

movement and frontal lobe schizophrenia, parkinson's

resting potential

state of readiness, not firing

threshold of excitation

level of charge in membrane that causes the neuron to become active

action potential

release of neural impulse, electrical signal moving down neuron's axon

parts of peripheral NS

somatic and autonomic

somatic NS

part of peripheral NS that relays sensory and motor information to and from CNS, voluntary muscles

autonomic NS

the part of the PNS that controls the involuntary muscles, organs and glands sympathetic and parasympathetic

sympathetic NS

part of autonomic NS fight or flight

parasympathetic NS

Part of autonomic NS rest and digest

central NS

brain and spinal cord

lateralization

left controls right side and vice versa

corpus callosum

connects the left & right hemispheres

forebrain/cerebral cortex

frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital

parietal lobe

sensory and perception

temporal lobe

memory, emotion, and some language aspects hearing: auditory cortex: process audio and wenicke's area: speech

occipital lobe

visual procession visual cortex: responsible for interpreting visual info

frontal lobe functions

functioning (organization, judgement, attn, reasoning), motor control, emotion, language

frontal lobe parts

motor cortex: planning and coordination prefrontal cortex: higher level cognitive functioning broca's area: language production

aphasia

language disorder that affects ability to communicate, caused by brain damage

wernicke's aphasia

damage to wernicke's area resulting in understanding language

broca's aphasia

damage to broca's area resulting in producing language, speaking impairment, difficulty getting words out

thalamus

relay center of senses for the brain

limbic system

subcortical: mediating emotional responses and memory consists of amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus

amygdala

experience of emotion and tying to memories, involved in processing fear

hippocampus

essential for learning and memory