Exam 2- Chem 107

fingerprinting, biometrics, hair and fiber analysis, measurement and glass analysis still need: paint explosives

anthropometry definition

detailed description of the subject, full length and profile photographs, and precise body measurments

Francis Galton

1892, father of fingerprinting

Dr. Juan Vucetic

created classification system still used in most spanish speaking countries

Sit Edward Henry

created classification system used in most english speaking countries

Adoption of fingerprinting in the US was caused by what

1904 World Fair where two men could not be differentiated

fingerprint definition

reproduction of friction skin ridges found on the palm side of the fingers and thumb

fingerprint development

developed at 17 weeks

fingerprints in the womb

the basal layer starts growing faster than the layer above it, causing it to buckle and fold

three basic principles of fingerprinting

fingerprints are individual characteristics, will remain unchanged, and general ridge patterns permit fingerprinting to be systematically classified

principle one of fingerprinting

the individuality of a fingerprint is not determined by general shape or pattern but by its minutiae identity, location, and number

common fingerprint ridge characteristics

bifurcations, ridge endings, ridge dots, and enclosures

challenges with fingerprinting

there can be up to 15 minutiae per finger, and the US has no predetermined number which must be present to establish a positive identification

principle two of fingerprinting

once the dermal papillae develop, the ridge patterns will remain unchanged with exception to enlarge during growth

dermal papillae

the layer of cells between the epidermis and dermise

epidermis

outer layer of skin

dermis

inner layer of the skin

latent fingerprints are formed how

pores with sweat glands deposits perspiration onto the skin, and when that finger touches a surface the perspiration is transferred into that surface. normally invisible to the eye

principle three of fingerprinting

fingerprints can be classified systematically, with 3 general patterns

3 general patterns of fingerprinting

loops, arches, whorls

60-65 percent of the population has which fingerprint pattern

loops

30-35 percent of the population has this general pattern

whorls

5 percent of the population has which general pattern

arches

loop definition

loops must have one of more ridges entering one side of the print, recurving, and exiting from the same side

ulnar loop definition

loop opens towards the little finger

radial loop definition

loops open toward the thumb

delta ridge point definition

the pattern area of the loop is surrounded by two diverging ridges known as type lines, and the delta is the ridge point nearest where the lines diverge.

how many deltas does a loop have

one or more

what is the center of a loop pattern

the core

ridge count definition

the number of friction ridges that cross an imaginary line between the core and the delta

whorl classification groups (4)

plain, central pocket loop, double loop, accidental

how many deltas minimum do whorls have

two

how is a whorl categorized

following the friction ridge path from th eleft delta to a place opposite the right delta

what does a plain whorl and a central pocket loop have in common

have at least one ridge that makes a complete circuit

plain whorl definition

if an imaginary line drawn between the patterns touches any of the circular ridges

central pocket loop definition

if an imaginary line drawn between the pattern and no ridge is touching the pattern

double loop definition

t

accidental loop definition

contains two or more patterns or is a pattern not covered

least common of the three general patterns

arches

plain arch definition

ridges entering from one side of the print, rising and falling, and exiting to the opposite side

tented arch definition

sharp upthrust or spike of the ridges, and can meet at an angle less than 9 degrees

arches do not have…

type lines, deltas, cores

AFIS stands for

automated fingerprint identification system

four steps for ACE-V

analysis, comparison, evaluation, verification

analysis for ACE-V

identify points of comparison and external factors

comparison of ACEV

compare the questioned print at 3 levels

evaluations of ACEV

determine a conclusion

verification of ACEV

examiners conclusion is confirmed by second examiner

level one of ACE-V definition

encompasses general ridge flow and pattern configuration

level 2 of ACE-V

includes locating and comparing ridge characteristics and minutiae

level 3 of ACE-V definiton

includes examination and location of ridge pores, breaks, creases, scars, and other permanent minutiae

palm print purpose

to determine whether an unknown latent print and known print originate from the same source

distal transverse crease location

top crease in the hand

proximal transverse crease location

middle crease

radial longitudinal crease location

surrounding the base of the thumb

thenar location

base of the thumb

hypothenar location

writers palm

interdigital location

base of the fingers

latent print definition

prints deposited after a finger touches body perspiration or oil and then transferred to a surface leaving an impression

visible prints definition

made when fingers touch a surface after the ridges have been in contaxt with colored material such as blood,paint, grease, or ink

plastic prints definition

ridge impressions left on soft material such as putty, wax, soap, or dust

developing latent prints with a powder

prints on nonabsorbent surfaces like glass, mirror, tile, painted wood

latent print development with a chemical

porous surfaces like paper, cardboard, and cloth

superglue fuming does what

develops latent prints on nonporous surfaces like metal, tape, leather, or plastic bags

how does superglue fuming work

glue adheres to the print due to the cyanoacrylate ester which is a chemical that interacts and helps visualize prints

fluorescence imaging is used for

fingerprint are treated with chemicals that would induce fluorescence when exposed to lasers or high intensity light sources like quartz, halogen, xenon arc, or indium arc

iodine fuming

involves heating iodine crystals that cause vapors which combine with latent prints to make them visible

ninhydrin

reacts chemically with trace amounts of amino acids present in latent prints to produce a blue/purple color

silver nitrate bases reagent is used for

used when other chemical methods dont work

3 types of ways to determine prints on porous surfaces

iodine fuming, ninhydrin, or silver nitrate

what is biometrics

the measurement and statistical analysis of peoples unique physical and behavioral characteristics

biometric matching or verification

identifies someone out of a crowd by scanning select biometric characteristics into a database

access control through biometric identification

creates and stores databases if biological traits and compare them to the individual attempting to gain entry into the device or facility

use of biometrics in homeland security dept

positively confirms the claimed identity of the applicant and can also inform of previously claimed different personas

use of biometrics in dept of defense

support criminal prosecutions by providing material evidence linking or denying linkage of a person to a hostile act of crime

use of biometrics in dept of justice

collects high value biometrics obtained from foreign law enforcement partners and has rapid identification services. mandates the sharing of criminal and terrorist biometrics with FBI CRJU Information Services

mobile biometric application prgram

allows authorized personnel to collect fingerprints, potos, and biographic data via mobile devices to confirm an individuals identity

MBA program enables instant access to

NGI, ABIS, IDENT

NGI

Next Generation Identification for the FBI

ABIS

Automated Biometric Identification System for Dept of Defense

IDENT

Automated Biometric Identification System by homeland security

enrolment of biometrics

first process that must be performed to capture a persons biometric data

extraction for biometrics

finds patterns in the traits extracted by the sensor by using mathematical equations

template module for biometrics

saves all raw data produced by a feature extraction and puts it into a simple format for the system

physical biometrics include

fingerprints, hand scans, iris scans, retina scans, facial recognition

behavioral biometrics includes

handwriting, keystroke recognition, gait recognition, voice recognition

National Palm Print System (NPPS)

made by FBI and contains millions of palmprint’s to be used in CRJU investigations and processes

National Palm Print System important features

wrinkled, delta point, and minutiae features are identified, with width, length, and area of the palm. The location of the baseline and the shape of the outlines are also important

what is the iris

colored circular segment at the front of the eye that contains the pupil at the center. unique to each person due to muscle patterns and construction of the iris itself

iris biometrics

pattern recognition algorithms used to perform comparisons in one to one verification

iris identification

image is captured through a high quality camera and the iris elastic connective tissue called the trabecular meshwork is analyzed, it is then processed into an optical fingerprint

advantages of iris biometrics

no physical contact while scanning, accurate matching performance, can be captured from a distance, iris is protected by cornea and doesn’t change as people age, and difficult to spoof

disadvantages of iris scanning

cant use regular camera, no latent prints

retina recognition

analyzes blood vessels on the thin nerve of the back of the eyeball that processes light through the pupil

retina patterns

highly distinctive, and everyone has unique patterns of blood vessels

what can affect retina patterns

glaucoma, diabetes, high blood pressure, and autoimmune deficiency syndrome

used for access in government and military environments that require high security, such as nuclear weapons and research cites

retina recognition

facial recognition techniques

principal component analysis, linear discriminant analysis, and elastic bunch graph matching

pros of facial recognition

reduces number of touchpoints, improves medical treatment, and improves photo organization

cons of facial recognition

threatens privacy, violates personal rights, data vulnerabilities, technology can be manipulated

interstate photo system

IPS has 30 million front facing mugshot photos for facial recognition analysis