Media & Society Exam 4

anchor

The person who presents news during a news program on television, radio or the Internet

canons

A body of principles, rules, standards, or norms by which something is judged

checkbook journalism

The practice of paying for a news story or an interview, or for exclusive broadcasting or publishing rights

citizen journalism

The general public engaging in the collecting, reporting, analyzing, and disseminating of news and information

defamation

The communication of a false statement that harms the reputation of an individual person, business, product, group, government, religion, or nation

dirty tricks

Underhanded tactics employed to discredit the effectiveness of opponents in politics or business

fourth estate

Term most commonly used to refer to the news media, especially print journalism (a.k.a. “the press”)

libel

Defamation by written or printed words, pictures, or in any form other than by spoken words or gestures

media bias

The selection and reporting of news stories in a prejudicial or partial manner

muckraking

Reporters seeking out and reporting on real or alleged corruption, scandal, and misconduct, especially in politics and business

non-fiction novel

A literary genre depicting real historical figures and actual events using the storytelling techniques of fiction

right to privacy

The right to be free of unsanctioned intrusion

shield laws

Laws that limit the ability of a court to compel a journalist to give testimony disclosing sources of information

slander

A harmful statement in a transient form, especially speech

sunshine laws

Statues that mandate meetings of governmental agencies and departments be open to the public at large

tone

The general character or attitude of a piece of writing

whistleblower

An individual who exposes information or activity considered illegal, unethical, or improper within an organization, of which they are usually a member

newsreels

Short films dealing with current events, shown in movie theaters prior to the advent of television

residual news

Stories about events that are recurrent or long-lasting

documentary

A long-form recorded examination of a social problem or historical subject

credibility gap

The difference between what a government says and what the public believes to be true

news on demand

Information that users can access whenever they want

ad broker

A person who acts as an intermediary between newspapers and advertisers

advertising

Paid forms of non-personal communication about an organization, product, service or idea from an identified sponsor, using mass media to persuade or influence an audience

advertising dramas

Advertisements that use stories rather than statistics or celebrity endorsements as the primary way of trying to sell their product

article marketing

Writing and distributing short articles to various outlets to grow an online audience and increase sales opportunities

audience research

Research conducted to gather information about the composition as well as the attitudes, beliefs, knowledge, interests, and behaviors of a target audience

banner blindness

Phenomenon where users to a website consciously or unconsciously ignore both advertisement and navigational banners

brand

A production or range of products that has a set of values associated with it that are easily recognizable by consumers

bumper

A brief announcement placed between a pause in the program and its commercial break, and vice versa

client

The organization paying an agency for advertising advice

clutter

The excessive amount of advertisements competing for the attention of consumers

consumer culture

A form of capitalism in which the economy focuses on selling goods that are purchased by consumers

contextual targeting/advertising

A process that matches ads to relevant sites in the display network using keywords or topics

coverage

The proportion of a target audience, calculated in percentages, who has the opportunity to see an ad once

creative boutique agency

Advertising agency that specializes in creative services but do not provide placement services to clients

demographics

The statistical data of a population, especially those showing average age, gender, income, education, etc.

earned rate

A discount applied retroactively as the volume of advertising increases throughout the year

flat rate

A standard newspaper advertising rate with no discounts for bulk or frequency of purchase

focus group

Small group of people who are observed by researchers while participating in a guided discussion about a specific product or topic

frequency

The number of times an audience gets the opportunity to see an advertisement

full-service agency

Advertising agency that supplies all the advertising, marketing, and public relations services for their clients

guaranteed circulation

The number of copies of the newspaper or magazine that the publisher expects to sell. If that number is not reached, the publisher must give a refund to advertisers

guerrilla campaign

Unconventional ways of advertising, using smaller budgets and creativity, to capture the attention of consumers

hard sell

The policy or technique of aggressive salesmanship or advertising

in-house agency

Advertising departments built into a manufacturer’s corporate structure

pitching accounts

Presentation of new advertising campaign ideas to a client or prospective client

positioning

Promoting a production, service, or business within a particular sector of a market

product placement

The practice of companies paying for their products or services to be featured in movies and television programs

psychographics

The study and classification of people according to their attitudes, aspirations, and other psychological criteria

slogan

Line of copy which encapsulates the campaign strategy

trade advertising

Business-to-business promotions

consumer advertising

Ads directed to the retail customer

puffery

Exaggeration in advertising claims

crisis management

The application of strategies designed to help an organization deal with a sudden and significant negative event

flack

A disparaging term for a press agent

hype

Short for hyperbole, the use of exaggeration for emphasis or effect

news leaks

Unauthorized disclosures of confidential information to the press, but also sanctioned disclosure of embargoes information before its official release

newsjacking

Defined by David Meerman Scott as "the art and science of injecting your ideas into a breaking news story so you and your ideas get noticed."

photo op

An arranged opportunity for a politician or celebrity to be photographed

press agent

A professional publicist who organizes advertising and publicity in the press for their client

press release

A public relations announcement directed at the news media

public relations

The profession and practice of creating and maintaining a favorable impression of a company, product, service or person through nonpaid forms of communication

publicity stunt

A planned event designed to gain exposure and get the attention of the public

risk management

The identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks followed by efforts to minimize, monitor, and control such events

spin doctor

A public relations advisor, pollster, or media consultant who manipulates the truth and creates a biased interpretation of events on behalf of a client

trial balloon

News leaks made in order to gauge the public's reaction to a possible course of action

two-way symmetrical model

A model of public relations emphasizing managing relationships among organizations, individuals, and their publics

blog

A regularly updated website or web page reflecting the experiences, observations and opinions of an individual or small group of writers. Also, a single posting on such websites

browser

A free software program with a graphical user interface that allows users to view most online content

cloud computing

A network of hosted services over the Internet to store, manage, and process data as opposed to using a local server or personal computer

computication

A merging of computing and communications that blurs the division between the two

cyberspace

Virtual reality; the realm of electronic communication

digital media

Digitized content that can be transmitted over the Internet or computer networks and access through digital devices

domain name

The part of an Internet address that identifies the particular domain to which it belongs

exaflood

The rapidly increasing stream of data transmitted by the Internet

flaming

Posting or sending hostile and offending messages over the Internet

fragmentation

The process or state of being broken into small or separate parts

interactivity

The simultaneous exchange between a human being and a computer program

Internet Service Provider (ISP)

The private company or government organization that plugs users into the Internet

IP address

A four-part or eight-part electronic serial number that is a computer's "Internet protocol" address

long tail

The large number of products that sell in small quantities in contrast to the small number of best-selling products that make up the "head"

malware

The broad term describing any malicious software designed by hackers to vandalize computers, steal private information, take remote control of a computer, or manipulate purchases

mash-up

Web pages or applications that integrate data and functionalities from multiple online sources

millennials

The demographic cohort following Generation X, with birth years ranging from the early 1980s to around 2000

new media

Content available on-demand through the Internet, accessible on any digital device rather than on traditional media such as newspapers and television

packet switching

A method of data transmission that breaks a message into small units (packets) that are routed independently and then reassembled

sexting

Sending and/or receiving sexually explicit messages or images, primarily taking place between mobile phones

social media

User driven websites and applications enabling participation in creating and sharing content, as well as engaging in social networking

social networking

Using dedicated websites and applications to interact with other users online

Streisand effect

Name for when an attempt to hide, remove, or censor a piece of information has the unintended consequence of publicizing the information more widely, usually facilitated by the Internet

URL

Uniform resource locators; the web browser addresses of Internet pages and files; an Internet address that connects the user to a website on a particular computer

Web 2.0

A second generation development of the World Wide Web focusing on user collaboration, sharing of user-generated content, and social networking

wikis

Websites enabling visitors to make contributions, changes, or corrections to content

protocols

Software codes that enable one computer to communicate with another

cell technology

Radio-wave towers are set up on a grid so that each area of the grid is supplied with radio service

World Wide Web

A simplified means of navigating the Internet based on hypertext links and graphical user interfaces

hypertext links (hyperlinks)

 Highlighted words and images within a web page that allow the user to move to another site by pointing and clicking a mouse button

graphical user interface (GUI)

A set of browser features such as icons and hot spots that allow users to navigate websites easily

hypertext transfer protocol (http)

The protocol that enables computers to recognize links on the World Wide Web