memory and intelligence

mod 31-36, 60-64, 85

learned material which persists over time

memory

getting information INTO our brain

encoding

getting information OUT of our brain

retreival

simultaneously processing multiple parts of something

parallel processing

recording of senses around you in a brief 'snapshot'

sensory memory

brief info soon to be forgotten. what we are currently thinking about

short-term memory

'permanent' memories. what we are able to retain for longer than a few seconds

long-term memory

conscious and retrieved information from our STM that's manipulated in order to focus on a stimulus

Baddeley's working memory

memory of facts and experiences one can 'declare' with certainty

explicit/declarative memory

unconscious memorizing and encoding. not very detailed. space, time, frequency

automatic processing

information that remembered unconsciously. procedural memory

implicit memory

briefly remembered visual stimuli.

iconic memory

briefly remembered auditory stimuli. 3/4 seconds

echoic memory

being able to access memories/info without a cue. (fill in blank test)

recall

accessing memories/info after experiencing it again (multiple choice test)

recognition

reconstructing memory (writing an essay)

recollection

how long and how well we remember info. No distinction between STM and LTM

Fergus Craik & Robert Lockhart's processing model

meaning based

Semantically

briefly remembered 'touch' stimuli

haptic memory

info you're immediately aware of

active state

organizing variables into familiar units

chunking/grouping

memory aids. Image, jingle, acronyms

mnemonics

distributed practice over time

spacing effect/ distributed studying

repeated self-testing to learn material

testing effect

learning using simple concepts; no relevance

shallow processing

learning by retaining relevance and meaning to variables

deep processing

learning info deemed more 'relevant to me' easier

self-relevance effect

number of things one can remember in STM. 7+/-2

memory span

7 + / - 2

millers magic #

repeating something over and over to preserve info in our STM

maintenance rehearsal

LTM that involves specific events

episodic memory

memories of facts, concepts, names. used in test taking

semantic memory

unconsciously remembering how to perform a task. (tying your shoes)

procedural memory

photographic. specific visual memory retained for seconds

eidetic memory

first letters into words. CHUG SODA

acronyms

words linked with visualization. windows in your house

method of Loci

first to study memory and forgetting scientifically. came up with forgetting curve

Hermann Ebbinhaus

disproven form of studying. cramming

massed practice

mastery of one task aids in the learning of another

positive transfer

neural center in the limbic system, help process memories. long-term potentiation. EXPLICIT

hippocampus

memory loss due to physical trauma to the brain

amnesia

forming and storing of memories by classical conditioning. IMPLICIT

cerebellum

formation of procedural memories, receive input from cortex. IMPLICIT

basal ganglia

the 'blank' memory of our infantry

infantile amnesia

clear memory of significant events. episodic memory. 9/11

flashbulb memory

emotional memory formation

amygdala

the biological basis for memory. strengthening of synaptic connections. occurs in hippocampus

long term potentiation (LTP)

memory loss of events prior to injury or trauma to the head. retro=past

retrograde amnesia

being unable to form new memories, procedural memory formation remains

anterograde amnesia

old memories interfere with new memories PORN. calling new gf old gf's name

proactive interference

new memories interfere with old memories PORN. forgetting old gf's name

retroactive interference

false memories we believe to be true

pseudo memories

forgetting where you obtained info. deja-vu

source amnesia

process of turning STM into LTM

memory consolidation

1983 studied changes in sending neurons

Eric Kandel & James Shwartz

reinders associated wit info we're trying to retrieve. priming

retrieval cues

activating specific associations consciously or unconsciously

priming

easier recall of info while in the same 'context' where it was learned

context dependent memory

easier recall of info when you are in the same mood of when you learned it

state dependent memory

when retrieving info from a long list, we usually recall the first and last parts. grocery list. primary and recency

serial position effect

better recall of first items listed. bottom of list

primary effct

better recall of most recent items listed. top of list

recency effect

first to conduct studies on memories. conducted on himself. forgetting curve

herman ebbinghaus

exponential loss of information shortly after learning it. 70% is lost after 24 hours

forgetting curve

over time our memories fade. forgetting

trace decay theory

failure to recall a memory due to missing stimuli that was present when we learned it

retrieval failure

feeling that a memory is available but not quite retrievable

tip-of-the-tounge state

when a memory was never formed in the first place

encoding failure

some memories interfere with the retrieval of other memories PORN

interference theory

memory as a cognitive process. updating and altering our memories

memory reconstruction

expert in eyewitness testimony, false memories, and misinformation

Elizabeth Loftus

exposed to misleading info we tend misremember

misinformation effect

study of infernal mental processes

cognitive psychology

thinking about thinking. decisions, changing thinking habits

metacognition

mental grouping of similar objects, events, an ideas

concepts 'organization'

mental image or best example of a specific concept or category

prototype

logic. single right answer, no creativity. school smart

convergent thinking

imagination. alternative ideas of thinking. creative

divergent thinking

educated guess based on prior experiences or through trial and error. 'rules of thumb' (shortcut)

heuristics

basing decisions on what immediately comes to mind

availability hearistics

a sudden realization of a solution to a problem 'AHA! moment'

insight

discovered insight in problem solving. studied through chimps

wolfgang kohler

tendency of only using solutions that have worked in the past. inflexibility

mental set

tendency to think there's only one use for a tool

functional fixedness

tendency to look for things that support our bias

confirmation bias

tendency to hold onto beliefs even when they're proven wrong

belief perseverance

tendency to overestimate our ability or intelligence

overconfidence

word choice influencing decisions. how an issue is posed

framing (cognitive bias)

cognitive bias. favoring the first info offered

anchoring effect

way of communication both verbally and non verbally

language

small units of sound that can be put together to make words. alphabet

phonemes

the smallest pairing meaning to any sound. pre- post-

morphemes

system of rules governing the use of language

grammar

application of grammar in incorrect instances.

overgeneralize

learn language through operant conditioning

Skinner's theory of language acquisition

teaching through reward system

operant conditioning

language acquisition through environmental cues. genetic predisposition

Noam Chomsky

childhood. grammar not understood after

critical periods for language

beginning at 4 months. various sounds

babbling stage

ages 1 and 2. one word usage

one word stage