BIOL 394: Exam 3

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What are the three functions of the circulatory system?

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What are the three functions of the circulatory system?

Transportation, Regulation, and Protection

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functions of the circulatory system: Transportation (main)

Respiratory gases, nutrients, and metabolic wastes

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functions of the circulatory system: Regulation

Hormonal and Temperature

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functions of the circulatory system: Protection

Clotting and immunity

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Main components of the heart:

four-chambered pump

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Main components of blood vessels

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veinsM

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Major components of lymphatic system

Lymphatic vessels and organs (spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes), and lymphoid tissues

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Average blood volume of adult

5 liters

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arterial blood

leaving the heart bright red, oxygenated except for blood going to the lungs, thicker walls

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Venous blood

enters the heart, dark red, deoxygenated except for blood coming from the lungs, thinner walls, bigger diameter

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Plasma

fluid part of blood, water and dissolved solutes

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What is the percentage of plasma proteins compared to all plasma?

7-8%

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Albumin

creates osmotic pressure to help draw water from tissues into capillaries to maintain blood volume and pressure in liver

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Globulins are from where?

white blood cells

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Alpha and beta globulins

transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins

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gamma globulins

antibodies that function in immunity

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Fibrinogen

helps n clotting after becoming fibrin S

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What is Serum?

blood without fibrinogen

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Osmoreceptors monitor what?

osmotic pressure

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Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus cause the release of ______ from the posterior pituitary gland if the fluid is lost.

ADH

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Erythrocytes characteristics

Flattened, biconcave discs, carried oxygen, lack nuclei and mitochondria

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What is the lifespan of a erythrocyte?

120-days

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Anemia

abnormally low hemoglobin or RBC count

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Leukocytes characteristics

Have nuclei and mitochondria, Diapedesis

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Diapedsis is the movement through the capillary wall into

connective tissue

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Granular Leukocytes types

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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Agrandular Leukocytes

Monocytes and lymphocytes

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Platelets (thrombocytes)

smallest formed element, fragments of large cells, lack nuclei, short-lived, clot blood

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Hematopoiesis

process of blood cell formation

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hematopoietic stem cells

embryonic cells that give rise to all blood cells

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Where does hematopoiesis occurs?

myeloid tissue

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Erythropoiesis

formation of red blood cells

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Explain the regulation of erythropoiesis?

Stimulated from the kidneys that respond to low blood O2 levels (basically low O2 signals production of RBCs)

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What is iron hemostasis?

How we maintain iron balance. We recycle

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Antigens (good)

found on the surface of cells to help immune system recognize self cells.

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Antibodies (bad)

secreted by lymphocytes in response to foreign cells A

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ABO system

antigens of erythrocyte cell surfaces

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Presence of antigens determine

blood type

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Two rules for blood transfusion

  1. type-specific (same blood type)

  2. Applies when rule 1 one is violated, no new antigens to recipient

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What does clumping mean?

Antigen (clumping means blood type)

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Rhogain shot

shot for pregnant ladies so that the Rh factors don't affect her

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hemostasis

cessation of bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged

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What is the most important mechanism to stop bleeding?

vasoconstriction

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With clotting pathways what is the goal?

to get fibrin polymer

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What is the fibrous skeleton

separates atria from ventricles

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Pulmonary circulations

between heart and lungs (pulmonary arteries and veins)

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Systemic Circulation

between heart and body tissue (rest of the body but lungs)

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Which circulation loop is singular?

Pulmonary circulation

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Which circulation loop is multiple?

Systemic circulation

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Lub sound is what?

closing of AV valves, ventricle systole

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Dub sound is what?

Semilunar valves closing, ventricular diastole

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What is a heart murmur?

abnormal sound caused by abnormal blood flow

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Mitral stenosis

mitral valve calcifies and impairs flow between left atrium and ventricle

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What does it mean to have incompetent valves?

do not close properly

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Septal defects

holes in interventricular or interatrial septa which allows blood to cross sidesC

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Congestive heart failure means

there is too much blood somewhere

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Right heart failure symptoms

Edema, enlarged spleen and liver, swollen feet and ankles, nausea, swollen internal jugular veins

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Left heart failure symptoms

shortness of breath, orthopnea, coughing, foaming sometimes, tiredness, weakness

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valvular stenosis

too narrow

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valvular regurgitation

too leaky

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Three common causes of aortic stenosis?

rheumatic heart disease, congenital malformation, degeneration resulting from calcification

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Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common cause of

baby blue syndrome

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What are the 4 key features of tetralogy of fallot?

a. Pulmonary stenosis: obstruction from the right ventricle to the lungs b. Overriding aorta: the aorta lies directly over the ventricular septal defect c. Ventricular septal defect: a hole between the ventricles d. Ventricular hypertrophy: the right ventricle develops thickened muscle

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What are symptoms of tetralogy of fallot?

high pressure Mixing of deoxygenated blood Murmurs

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When talking about diastole and systole what part of the heart is being discussed?

Ventricles

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End-Diastolic Volume

total volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole

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End-systolic volume

The amount of blood left in the left ventricle after systole (1/3 of the EDV)

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Intercalated discs are cardiac muscles cells that are interconnected by

gap junctions

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The area of the heart that contracts from one stimulation events is called

myocardium or functional syncytium

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Automaticity

automatic nature of the heartbeat

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Sinoatrial node (SA node)

"pacemaker" sets the heart rhythm, located in the R. Atrium

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AV node and purkinje fibers

secondary pacemakers of ectopic pacemakers, slower than the sinus rhythm

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A slow, spontaneous depolarization is also called

diastolic depolarization

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The opening of voltage gated K+ channels

repolarization

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Pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node depolarize spontaneously, but the rate at which they do so can be _________________.

Modulated

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Epinephrine an noreopinephrine increase the production of cAMP which. keeps

cardiac pacemakers open

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Parasympathetic neurons secrete acetylcholine which opens K+ channels to

slow the heart rate

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P wave

atrial depolarization

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P-Q interval

Atrial systole

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QRS wave

Ventricular depolarization

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S-T segment

plateau phase, ventricular systole

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T wave

ventricular repolarization

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Gases and nutrients are exchanged between the blood and tissues happen in

capillaries

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Blood flow of the capillaries is controlled by

vasodialation or constriction of the arterioles

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