Studied by 92 PeopleTags & Description
What are the three functions of the circulatory system?
Transportation, Regulation, and Protection
functions of the circulatory system: Transportation (main)
Respiratory gases, nutrients, and metabolic wastes
functions of the circulatory system: Regulation
Hormonal and Temperature
functions of the circulatory system: Protection
Clotting and immunity
Main components of the heart:
four-chambered pump
Main components of blood vessels
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veinsM
Major components of lymphatic system
Lymphatic vessels and organs (spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes), and lymphoid tissues
Average blood volume of adult
5 liters
arterial blood
leaving the heart bright red, oxygenated except for blood going to the lungs, thicker walls
Venous blood
enters the heart, dark red, deoxygenated except for blood coming from the lungs, thinner walls, bigger diameter
Plasma
fluid part of blood, water and dissolved solutes
What is the percentage of plasma proteins compared to all plasma?
7-8%
Albumin
creates osmotic pressure to help draw water from tissues into capillaries to maintain blood volume and pressure in liver
Globulins are from where?
white blood cells
Alpha and beta globulins
transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins
gamma globulins
antibodies that function in immunity
Fibrinogen
helps n clotting after becoming fibrin S
What is Serum?
blood without fibrinogen
Osmoreceptors monitor what?
osmotic pressure
Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus cause the release of ______ from the posterior pituitary gland if the fluid is lost.
ADH
Erythrocytes characteristics
Flattened, biconcave discs, carried oxygen, lack nuclei and mitochondria
What is the lifespan of a erythrocyte?
120-days
Anemia
abnormally low hemoglobin or RBC count
Leukocytes characteristics
Have nuclei and mitochondria, Diapedesis
Diapedsis is the movement through the capillary wall into
connective tissue
Granular Leukocytes types
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Agrandular Leukocytes
Monocytes and lymphocytes
Platelets (thrombocytes)
smallest formed element, fragments of large cells, lack nuclei, short-lived, clot blood
Hematopoiesis
process of blood cell formation
hematopoietic stem cells
embryonic cells that give rise to all blood cells
Where does hematopoiesis occurs?
myeloid tissue
Erythropoiesis
formation of red blood cells
Explain the regulation of erythropoiesis?
Stimulated from the kidneys that respond to low blood O2 levels (basically low O2 signals production of RBCs)
What is iron hemostasis?
How we maintain iron balance. We recycle
Antigens (good)
found on the surface of cells to help immune system recognize self cells.
Antibodies (bad)
secreted by lymphocytes in response to foreign cells A
ABO system
antigens of erythrocyte cell surfaces
Presence of antigens determine
blood type
Two rules for blood transfusion
type-specific (same blood type)
Applies when rule 1 one is violated, no new antigens to recipient
What does clumping mean?
Antigen (clumping means blood type)
Rhogain shot
shot for pregnant ladies so that the Rh factors don't affect her
hemostasis
cessation of bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged
What is the most important mechanism to stop bleeding?
vasoconstriction
With clotting pathways what is the goal?
to get fibrin polymer
What is the fibrous skeleton
separates atria from ventricles
Pulmonary circulations
between heart and lungs (pulmonary arteries and veins)
Systemic Circulation
between heart and body tissue (rest of the body but lungs)
Which circulation loop is singular?
Pulmonary circulation
Which circulation loop is multiple?
Systemic circulation
Lub sound is what?
closing of AV valves, ventricle systole
Dub sound is what?
Semilunar valves closing, ventricular diastole
What is a heart murmur?
abnormal sound caused by abnormal blood flow
Mitral stenosis
mitral valve calcifies and impairs flow between left atrium and ventricle
What does it mean to have incompetent valves?
do not close properly
Septal defects
holes in interventricular or interatrial septa which allows blood to cross sidesC
Congestive heart failure means
there is too much blood somewhere
Right heart failure symptoms
Edema, enlarged spleen and liver, swollen feet and ankles, nausea, swollen internal jugular veins
Left heart failure symptoms
shortness of breath, orthopnea, coughing, foaming sometimes, tiredness, weakness
valvular stenosis
too narrow
valvular regurgitation
too leaky
Three common causes of aortic stenosis?
rheumatic heart disease, congenital malformation, degeneration resulting from calcification
Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common cause of
baby blue syndrome
What are the 4 key features of tetralogy of fallot?
a. Pulmonary stenosis: obstruction from the right ventricle to the lungs b. Overriding aorta: the aorta lies directly over the ventricular septal defect c. Ventricular septal defect: a hole between the ventricles d. Ventricular hypertrophy: the right ventricle develops thickened muscle
What are symptoms of tetralogy of fallot?
high pressure Mixing of deoxygenated blood Murmurs
When talking about diastole and systole what part of the heart is being discussed?
Ventricles
End-Diastolic Volume
total volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
End-systolic volume
The amount of blood left in the left ventricle after systole (1/3 of the EDV)
Intercalated discs are cardiac muscles cells that are interconnected by
gap junctions
The area of the heart that contracts from one stimulation events is called
myocardium or functional syncytium
Automaticity
automatic nature of the heartbeat
Sinoatrial node (SA node)
"pacemaker" sets the heart rhythm, located in the R. Atrium
AV node and purkinje fibers
secondary pacemakers of ectopic pacemakers, slower than the sinus rhythm
A slow, spontaneous depolarization is also called
diastolic depolarization
The opening of voltage gated K+ channels
repolarization
Pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node depolarize spontaneously, but the rate at which they do so can be _________________.
Modulated
Epinephrine an noreopinephrine increase the production of cAMP which. keeps
cardiac pacemakers open
Parasympathetic neurons secrete acetylcholine which opens K+ channels to
slow the heart rate
P wave
atrial depolarization
P-Q interval
Atrial systole
QRS wave
Ventricular depolarization
S-T segment
plateau phase, ventricular systole
T wave
ventricular repolarization
Gases and nutrients are exchanged between the blood and tissues happen in
capillaries
Blood flow of the capillaries is controlled by
vasodialation or constriction of the arterioles