BIOL 394: Exam 3

What are the three functions of the circulatory system?

Transportation, Regulation, and Protection

functions of the circulatory system: Transportation (main)

Respiratory gases, nutrients, and metabolic wastes

functions of the circulatory system: Regulation

Hormonal and Temperature

functions of the circulatory system: Protection

Clotting and immunity

Main components of the heart:

four-chambered pump

Main components of blood vessels

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veinsM

Major components of lymphatic system

Lymphatic vessels and organs (spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes), and lymphoid tissues

Average blood volume of adult

5 liters

arterial blood

leaving the heart bright red, oxygenated except for blood going to the lungs, thicker walls

Venous blood

enters the heart, dark red, deoxygenated except for blood coming from the lungs, thinner walls, bigger diameter

Plasma

fluid part of blood, water and dissolved solutes

What is the percentage of plasma proteins compared to all plasma?

7-8%

Albumin

creates osmotic pressure to help draw water from tissues into capillaries to maintain blood volume and pressure in liver

Globulins are from where?

white blood cells

Alpha and beta globulins

transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins

gamma globulins

antibodies that function in immunity

Fibrinogen

helps n clotting after becoming fibrin S

What is Serum?

blood without fibrinogen

Osmoreceptors monitor what?

osmotic pressure

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus cause the release of ______ from the posterior pituitary gland if the fluid is lost.

ADH

Erythrocytes characteristics

Flattened, biconcave discs, carried oxygen, lack nuclei and mitochondria

What is the lifespan of a erythrocyte?

120-days

Anemia

abnormally low hemoglobin or RBC count

Leukocytes characteristics

Have nuclei and mitochondria, Diapedesis

Diapedsis is the movement through the capillary wall into

connective tissue

Granular Leukocytes types

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Agrandular Leukocytes

Monocytes and lymphocytes

Platelets (thrombocytes)

smallest formed element, fragments of large cells, lack nuclei, short-lived, clot blood

Hematopoiesis

process of blood cell formation

hematopoietic stem cells

embryonic cells that give rise to all blood cells

Where does hematopoiesis occurs?

myeloid tissue

Erythropoiesis

formation of red blood cells

Explain the regulation of erythropoiesis?

Stimulated from the kidneys that respond to low blood O2 levels (basically low O2 signals production of RBCs)

What is iron hemostasis?

How we maintain iron balance. We recycle

Antigens (good)

found on the surface of cells to help immune system recognize self cells.

Antibodies (bad)

secreted by lymphocytes in response to foreign cells A

ABO system

antigens of erythrocyte cell surfaces

Presence of antigens determine

blood type

Two rules for blood transfusion

1. type-specific (same blood type)
2. Applies when rule 1 one is violated, no new antigens to recipient

What does clumping mean?

Antigen (clumping means blood type)

Rhogain shot

shot for pregnant ladies so that the Rh factors don't affect her

hemostasis

cessation of bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged

What is the most important mechanism to stop bleeding?

vasoconstriction

With clotting pathways what is the goal?

to get fibrin polymer

What is the fibrous skeleton

separates atria from ventricles

Pulmonary circulations

between heart and lungs (pulmonary arteries and veins)

Systemic Circulation

between heart and body tissue (rest of the body but lungs)

Which circulation loop is singular?

Pulmonary circulation

Which circulation loop is multiple?

Systemic circulation

Lub sound is what?

closing of AV valves, ventricle systole

Dub sound is what?

Semilunar valves closing, ventricular diastole

What is a heart murmur?

abnormal sound caused by abnormal blood flow

Mitral stenosis

mitral valve calcifies and impairs flow between left atrium and ventricle

What does it mean to have incompetent valves?

do not close properly

Septal defects

holes in interventricular or interatrial septa which allows blood to cross sidesC

Congestive heart failure means

there is too much blood somewhere

Right heart failure symptoms

Edema, enlarged spleen and liver, swollen feet and ankles, nausea, swollen internal jugular veins

Left heart failure symptoms

shortness of breath, orthopnea, coughing, foaming sometimes, tiredness, weakness

valvular stenosis

too narrow

valvular regurgitation

too leaky

Three common causes of aortic stenosis?

rheumatic heart disease, congenital malformation, degeneration resulting from calcification

Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common cause of

baby blue syndrome

What are the 4 key features of tetralogy of fallot?

a. Pulmonary stenosis: obstruction from the right ventricle to the lungs
b. Overriding aorta: the aorta lies directly over the ventricular septal defect
c. Ventricular septal defect: a hole between the ventricles
d. Ventricular hypertrophy: the right ventricle develops thickened muscle

What are symptoms of tetralogy of fallot?

high pressure
Mixing of deoxygenated blood
Murmurs

When talking about diastole and systole what part of the heart is being discussed?

Ventricles

End-Diastolic Volume

total volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole

End-systolic volume

The amount of blood left in the left ventricle after systole (1/3 of the EDV)

Intercalated discs are cardiac muscles cells that are interconnected by

gap junctions

The area of the heart that contracts from one stimulation events is called

myocardium or functional syncytium

Automaticity

automatic nature of the heartbeat

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

"pacemaker" sets the heart rhythm, located in the R. Atrium

AV node and purkinje fibers

secondary pacemakers of ectopic pacemakers, slower than the sinus rhythm

A slow, spontaneous depolarization is also called

diastolic depolarization

The opening of voltage gated K+ channels

repolarization

Pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node depolarize spontaneously, but the rate at which they do so can be _________________.

Modulated

Epinephrine an noreopinephrine increase the production of cAMP which. keeps

cardiac pacemakers open

Parasympathetic neurons secrete acetylcholine which opens K+ channels to

slow the heart rate

P wave

atrial depolarization

P-Q interval

Atrial systole

QRS wave

Ventricular depolarization

S-T segment

plateau phase, ventricular systole

T wave

ventricular repolarization

Gases and nutrients are exchanged between the blood and tissues happen in

capillaries

Blood flow of the capillaries is controlled by

vasodialation or constriction of the arterioles

Where is the most of the total blood volume located?

in veins

Thin walls, larger lumen, collapse when cut

veins

Thick walls, smaller lumen

arteries

Skeletal muscle pumps

muscles surrounding the veins help pump blood

Venous valves

ensure one-directional flow of blood

Breathing

flattening of the diaphragm at inhalation

Lymphatic capillaries

smallest, found within most organs

Lymph ducts

formed from merging capillaries

cardiac output

the volume pumped each minutes by each ventricle

Cardiac output equation

C.O. (ml/min)=Stoke Volume (ml/beat) x Heart rate (beats/min)

Positive chronotropic effect

increases rate

negative chronotropic effect

decreases rate

Preload

before the ventricles contract

End diastolic volume (EDV) sometimes called preload

volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole

Afterload

occurs after ventricle contracts

Total peripheral resistance

frictional resistance in the arteries