What are the three functions of the circulatory system?
Transportation, Regulation, and Protection
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functions of the circulatory system: Transportation (main)
Respiratory gases, nutrients, and metabolic wastes
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functions of the circulatory system: Regulation
Hormonal and Temperature
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functions of the circulatory system: Protection
Clotting and immunity
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Main components of the heart:
four-chambered pump
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Main components of blood vessels
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veinsM
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Major components of lymphatic system
Lymphatic vessels and organs (spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes), and lymphoid tissues
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Average blood volume of adult
5 liters
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arterial blood
leaving the heart bright red, oxygenated except for blood going to the lungs, thicker walls
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Venous blood
enters the heart, dark red, deoxygenated except for blood coming from the lungs, thinner walls, bigger diameter
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Plasma
fluid part of blood, water and dissolved solutes
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What is the percentage of plasma proteins compared to all plasma?
7-8%
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Albumin
creates osmotic pressure to help draw water from tissues into capillaries to maintain blood volume and pressure in liver
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Globulins are from where?
white blood cells
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Alpha and beta globulins
transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins
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gamma globulins
antibodies that function in immunity
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Fibrinogen
helps n clotting after becoming fibrin S
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What is Serum?
blood without fibrinogen
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Osmoreceptors monitor what?
osmotic pressure
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Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus cause the release of ______ from the posterior pituitary gland if the fluid is lost.
ADH
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Erythrocytes characteristics
Flattened, biconcave discs, carried oxygen, lack nuclei and mitochondria
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What is the lifespan of a erythrocyte?
120-days
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Anemia
abnormally low hemoglobin or RBC count
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Leukocytes characteristics
Have nuclei and mitochondria, Diapedesis
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Diapedsis is the movement through the capillary wall into
connective tissue
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Granular Leukocytes types
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
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Agrandular Leukocytes
Monocytes and lymphocytes
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Platelets (thrombocytes)
smallest formed element, fragments of large cells, lack nuclei, short-lived, clot blood
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Hematopoiesis
process of blood cell formation
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hematopoietic stem cells
embryonic cells that give rise to all blood cells
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Where does hematopoiesis occurs?
myeloid tissue
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Erythropoiesis
formation of red blood cells
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Explain the regulation of erythropoiesis?
Stimulated from the kidneys that respond to low blood O2 levels (basically low O2 signals production of RBCs)
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What is iron hemostasis?
How we maintain iron balance. We recycle
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Antigens (good)
found on the surface of cells to help immune system recognize self cells.
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Antibodies (bad)
secreted by lymphocytes in response to foreign cells A
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ABO system
antigens of erythrocyte cell surfaces
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Presence of antigens determine
blood type
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Two rules for blood transfusion
1. type-specific (same blood type) 2. Applies when rule 1 one is violated, no new antigens to recipient
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What does clumping mean?
Antigen (clumping means blood type)
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Rhogain shot
shot for pregnant ladies so that the Rh factors don't affect her
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hemostasis
cessation of bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged
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What is the most important mechanism to stop bleeding?
vasoconstriction
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With clotting pathways what is the goal?
to get fibrin polymer
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What is the fibrous skeleton
separates atria from ventricles
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Pulmonary circulations
between heart and lungs (pulmonary arteries and veins)
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Systemic Circulation
between heart and body tissue (rest of the body but lungs)
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Which circulation loop is singular?
Pulmonary circulation
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Which circulation loop is multiple?
Systemic circulation
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Lub sound is what?
closing of AV valves, ventricle systole
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Dub sound is what?
Semilunar valves closing, ventricular diastole
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What is a heart murmur?
abnormal sound caused by abnormal blood flow
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Mitral stenosis
mitral valve calcifies and impairs flow between left atrium and ventricle
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What does it mean to have incompetent valves?
do not close properly
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Septal defects
holes in interventricular or interatrial septa which allows blood to cross sidesC
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Congestive heart failure means
there is too much blood somewhere
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Right heart failure symptoms
Edema, enlarged spleen and liver, swollen feet and ankles, nausea, swollen internal jugular veins
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Left heart failure symptoms
shortness of breath, orthopnea, coughing, foaming sometimes, tiredness, weakness
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valvular stenosis
too narrow
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valvular regurgitation
too leaky
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Three common causes of aortic stenosis?
rheumatic heart disease, congenital malformation, degeneration resulting from calcification
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Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common cause of
baby blue syndrome
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What are the 4 key features of tetralogy of fallot?
a. Pulmonary stenosis: obstruction from the right ventricle to the lungs b. Overriding aorta: the aorta lies directly over the ventricular septal defect c. Ventricular septal defect: a hole between the ventricles d. Ventricular hypertrophy: the right ventricle develops thickened muscle
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What are symptoms of tetralogy of fallot?
high pressure Mixing of deoxygenated blood Murmurs
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When talking about diastole and systole what part of the heart is being discussed?
Ventricles
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End-Diastolic Volume
total volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
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End-systolic volume
The amount of blood left in the left ventricle after systole (1/3 of the EDV)
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Intercalated discs are cardiac muscles cells that are interconnected by
gap junctions
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The area of the heart that contracts from one stimulation events is called
myocardium or functional syncytium
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Automaticity
automatic nature of the heartbeat
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Sinoatrial node (SA node)
"pacemaker" sets the heart rhythm, located in the R. Atrium
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AV node and purkinje fibers
secondary pacemakers of ectopic pacemakers, slower than the sinus rhythm
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A slow, spontaneous depolarization is also called
diastolic depolarization
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The opening of voltage gated K+ channels
repolarization
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Pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node depolarize spontaneously, but the rate at which they do so can be _________________.
Modulated
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Epinephrine an noreopinephrine increase the production of cAMP which. keeps
cardiac pacemakers open
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Parasympathetic neurons secrete acetylcholine which opens K+ channels to
slow the heart rate
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P wave
atrial depolarization
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P-Q interval
Atrial systole
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QRS wave
Ventricular depolarization
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S-T segment
plateau phase, ventricular systole
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T wave
ventricular repolarization
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Gases and nutrients are exchanged between the blood and tissues happen in
capillaries
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Blood flow of the capillaries is controlled by
vasodialation or constriction of the arterioles
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Where is the most of the total blood volume located?
in veins
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Thin walls, larger lumen, collapse when cut
veins
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Thick walls, smaller lumen
arteries
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Skeletal muscle pumps
muscles surrounding the veins help pump blood
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Venous valves
ensure one-directional flow of blood
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Breathing
flattening of the diaphragm at inhalation
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Lymphatic capillaries
smallest, found within most organs
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Lymph ducts
formed from merging capillaries
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cardiac output
the volume pumped each minutes by each ventricle
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Cardiac output equation
C.O. (ml/min)=Stoke Volume (ml/beat) x Heart rate (beats/min)
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Positive chronotropic effect
increases rate
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negative chronotropic effect
decreases rate
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Preload
before the ventricles contract
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End diastolic volume (EDV) sometimes called preload
volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole