Test WWI

naval blockade

It is something that is set-up to prevent entry into, or exit from, an area; it is often used to economically and militarily strangle an enemy in war; the British used it to prevent German u-boats from leaving (and going into) German ports.

Allies (Allied Powers)

AFTER the war STARTED, it was made up of Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and eventually the U.S..

Western Front

It was the LOCATION where the troops from the Central Powers fought the troops from Britain, France (and later, the U.S.); its position was marked by a long line of trenches.

trench warfare

Its existence led to many deaths, as well as stalemate, because it made gaining land by either side nearly impossible; it was associated with the concept of "no-man's land".

ally (in general)

This is a friend (in this case, it is a country that is a friend of your country); it comes to your aid in a time of need.

nationalism

It is a feeling of pride in your country that may lead that country believing it is superior (better) in comparison to another country; it helped cause tensions between countries BEFORE the war; eventually helped lead to war.

Triple Alliance

BEFORE the war, it was formed between Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy.

neutrality

the act of NOT taking a side in a fight; this was the U.S.' official position at the start of WWI

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

the future leader of Austria-Hungary; is associated with the "spark" that started the war

Eastern Front

It was the LOCATION where the troops of the Central Powers met the troops of Russia.

Central Powers

AFTER the war started, it was made up of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire.

u-boat

It was used by the Germans and was, at first, very effective at preventing trade between the U.S. and many European countries. Its use helped to drag the U.S. into the war.

poisonous gas

it was a new weapon that was first used during WWI; the effects were extremely gruesome; effects were so horrible that the weapon is now banned (outlawed) by most nations

chain-reaction effect

a process which occurs when one thing leads to another; it is what happened at the start of the war when one event caused many other nations to enter the war

President Woodrow Wilson

tried to keep the U.S. out of the war but, in the end, could not; eventually came up with the idea of the "14 Points"

Czar Nicholas II

leader of Russia for the first part of the war; was overthrown by his own people and eventually killed; the revolution against him eventually led to Russia becoming the world's first communist nation

artillery

cannons; a weapon used during WWI that caused an increasingly larger number of deaths due to improved accuracy and more explosive power

airplanes and blimps

could be used to spy on the enemy (to better see their location on a battlefield) and, possibly, to bomb the enemy; the concept of "dogfights" is associated with this (at least to some extent)

machine guns

made crossing "no man's land" seem almost impossible; a vast "improvement" compared weapons used in previous wars (Revolutionary War and Civil War); forced a change in fighting tactics

tank

weapon first used by the British; allowed soldiers to more effectively cross "no-man's land" because it gave them protection; slow; newer versions are still used today

unrestricted submarine warfare

strategy used by Germany during WWI; it used subs
to sink ships that tried to trade with its enemies
(esp. Great Britain), including U.S. ships; involved
subs firing without warning ships and without saving
survivors (which was against international law); U.S.
tried to get Germany to stop (they did temporarily)
but, in the end, Germany would not; caused U.S. to
declare war against Germany + join Allies

Lusitania (and the sinking of)

was British passenger ship sunk by
Germans in 1915 through use of unrestricted
submarine warfare; over 1,100 people died,
including 128 Americans; made U.S. government &
public very upset; brought U.S. closer to war with
Germany; NOTE: the British were smuggling
weapons & ammunition on the ship; they hoped
Germany would not sink it; they were wrong

sussex pledge

U.S. threatened Germany with war if they did not
promise to stop using unrestricted
submarine warfare; the Germans eventually promised to not do it
anymore; they eventually broke it, causing U.S. to go to war

Zimmermann Telegraph/Note

secret message from German Foreign Minister
directed to Mexico asking for Mexico to be
Germany's ally in return for, Germany giving Mexico
American Southwest; said Germany was going to
restart unrestricted submarine warfare; the message
was decoded and leaked to U.S. newspapers;
caused U.S. public to demand war w/ Germany (it
did 2 months later)

"make the world safe for democracy"

Pres. Woodrow Wilson declared he wanted to this when he asked Congress to declare war; wanted to help protect democracies, such as France & England, and also a newly democratic Russia; his decision was based upon elements of idealism (protecting other democracies), but also realism (protecting our own)

military draft (Selective Service Act)

created May, 1917; all men (not women) between ages
of 21-30 had to register into a system which, if activated, could force a person to join the military and fight in a war; ages were later changed to 18-45; dramatically increased the size of the U.S. military; was done because the U.S. military had not been prepared for war in 1917 (it only had 200,000 poorly trained & equipped soldiers); helps Allies win war

con

declare war against Germany + join Allies

Lusitania (and the sinking of)

was British passenger ship sunk by

Germans in 1915 through use of unrestricted

submarine warfare; over 1,100 people died,

including 128 Americans; made U.S. government &

public very upset; brought U.S. closer to war with

Germany; NOTE: the British were smuggling

weapons & ammunition on the ship; they hoped

Germany would not sink it; they were wrong

Sussex Pledge

U.S. threatened Germany with war if they did not

promise to stop using unrestricted

submarine warfare; the Germans eventually promised to not do it

anymore; they eventually broke it, causing U.S. to go to war

Zimmermann Telegraph/Note

secret message from German Foreign Minister

directed to Mexico asking for Mexico to be

Germany's ally in return for, Germany giving Mexico

American Southwest; said Germany was going to

restart unrestricted submarine warfare; the message

was decoded and leaked to U.S. newspapers;

caused U.S. public to demand war w/ Germany (it

did 2 months later)

"make the world safe for democracy"

Pres. Woodrow Wilson declared he wanted to this when he asked Congress to declare war; wanted to help protect democracies, such as France & England, and also a newly democratic Russia; his decision was based upon elements of idealism (protecting other democracies), but also realism (protecting our own)

military draft (Selective Service Act)

created May, 1917; all men (not women) between ages

of 21-30 had to register into a system which, if activated, could force a person to join the military and fight in a war; ages were later changed to 18-45; dramatically increased the size of the U.S. military; was done because the U.S. military had not been prepared for war in 1917 (it only had 200,000 poorly trained & equipped soldiers); helps Allies win war

convoy system

a system where navy ships (with guns/canons) protect

other ships (filled with troops, supplies, trading cargo) by

surrounding them and escorting them across the oceans;

was necessary because Germany's use of unrestricted

submarine warfare had been sinking many ships; this

system cut the losses of Allied ships and materials by

90%

paying for the war (Liberty Bonds, taxes, etc.)

WWI cost the U.S. $32 billion (in their dollars); 1/3 of it

was paid for by increasing taxes while 2/3 was paid for

by the government selling bonds (which are loans to the

government); the bonds were sometimes called "Liberty

Bonds" and "Victory Bonds"; the cost of the war was 3 X

as much as the costs of all other U.S. wars combined

War Industries Board

a new government agency that gave the government

more control over the nation's industries/businesses so

that the U.S. military and soldiers would get the

equipment and supplies it needed to fight & win the war;

companies that made piping could now make gun barrels

; companies that made suits could now make uniforms;

companies that made cars could now make trucks, tanks,

airplanes and boats; corporations made huge profits

demonization

a form of propaganda that portrays (shows) a

person/group/nation was a demon or a form of a

monster; meant to make the audience believe that

the person/group/nation is evil and, therefore, must

be destroyed

emotional appeal

a form of propaganda that focuses on the viewer's

feelings to get them to agree with the message;

tries to get people to be angry, sad, mad, feel guilty,

etc. in order to get them to do something

patriotic appeal

a form of propaganda when the artist appeals to

audience's love of their country; usually includes

images of the country's flag or other national

symbol(s); examples for the U.S. include: the

American flag, Uncle Sam, the Statue of Liberty,

Columbia, bald eagle

name-calling

a form of propaganda in which the artist calls other

people/groups/nations derogatory (negative)

labels; examples include calling the Germans

"Huns" (basically, "barbarians")

appeal to fear

a form of propaganda that seeks to unite a

group/nation by having them become scared of

something/someone else; the idea is that, together,

we can face - and defeat - this scary thing

catchy slogan

form of propaganda that uses phrases and words to

grab the audience's attention; these phrases and words are

easy to remember and have a very clear message

bandwagon

form of propaganda that stresses the idea that a person/group/nation should do something because "everyone else is doing it"; makes people want to be "part of the crowd" and to join something in

order to not feel "left-out"