Science FINAL Review

Nucleic acids form when longs chain of molecules called ___ join

Nucleotides

____ are multicellular and eukaryotic

Animals

Animals have a protein, called ____, that surrounds the cells and helps them keep their shape

collagen

Animals can be grouped into 2 large categories __ __and__ ______

Vertebrate and invertebrates

Most of the animal kingdom, about 95 percent, is made up of _______

invertebrates

Scientists classify the members of the animal kingdom into as many as 35 ____

phyla

Only one animal phylum, ___, contains vertebrates

chordata

In most cases, invertebrates have no ___ structures to help support their bodies

internal

Invertebrates also tend to be __ __and to move more__ __ than vertebrates

smaller, slowly

The simplest of the invertebrates are the __, which belong to the phylum__

sponges, poriferia

The phylum___ includes jellyfish and corals

cnidaria

Unlike sponges, cnidarians have ____ symmetry

radial

cnidarians have _____ that are used for capturing food

nematocysts

flatworms have a simple ____

brain

roundworms, also called ____

nematodes

Unlike flatworms, the bodies of roundworms are round and covered with a stiff outer covering called a ___

cuticle

The phylum ___ includes snails, slugs, clams, and squid

mollusca

The phylum ___ includes earthworms, leeches, and marine worms

annelida

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Annelid worms have bilateral symmetry and _____ bodies.

round

The phylum ___ includes insects, spiders, shrimp, crabs, and their relatives

arthropoda

All arthropods have _______, which are thick, hard outer coverings that protect and support animals bodies.

exoskeleton

Arthropods have several pairs of jointed _____ , which are structures, such as a leg or an arm, that extend from the central part of the body

appendages

Echinoderms are more closely related to ______ than to any other phylum.

vertebrates

A(n)______ is an animal that has a notochord, a nerve cord, a tail, and structures called pharyngeal pouches.

chordate

Most chordates are vertebrates, but the chordates also include two groups of invertebrates: ______ and lancelets.

tunicates

Young amphibians live in water and have______ ;

gills

Most reptiles lay fluid-filled eggs with ____ shells

leathery

______ glands produce milk that feeds young mammals.

Mammary

A(n) _______ is a fluid-filled internal cavity, called a(n) coelom, that is surrounded by muscle tissue.

hydrostatic skeleton

In a hydrostatic skeleton, _______ surrounding the coelom push the fluid in different directions.

muscles

Many invertebrates have hard outer coverings, called _______ that provide support and protection

exoskeletons

Animals such as fish, birds, and mammals have internal support structures called __________

endoskeletons

The only animals that have endoskeletons and exoskeletons are _______

tortoises, and turtles

Animals have control systems, called _______ systems, that help them move, find food, and protect them from harm.

nervous

Animals that have _______ symmetry and no brain have nerve nets with a central ring that control their bodies.

radial

A(n) ______ is a netlike control system that sends signals to and from all parts of the body.

nerve net

An animal that has bilateral symmetry has a _____ and a brain or brainlike structure that detects and responds to its environment.

nerve cord

Nerve cords in vertebrates are also called _______

spinal cords

Many animals that live in water use their fins and tails or to move through the water.

jet propulsion

Animals obtain the nutrients and ______ their cells need to survive from their environment.

oxygen

The type of system an animal uses to exchange gases and move substances throughout the body depends on the animal�s ________

habitat

Oxygen must enter an animal�s body so its _____ and tissues are able to use it for life processes.

cells

The basic process of gas exchange is called diffusion and requires

no structures at all

In animals whose bodies are only a few cell layers thick, oxygen passes directly from the _______ into cells by diffusion.

environment

Beetles use structures called _______ to transport oxygen throughout the body

tracheal tubes

Most animals that live in the water have _____ for gas exchange

gills

Gills are surrounded by _______ which help transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from cells.

capillaries

The oxygen an animal takes in has to travel to _______

all parts of the body

An animal�s ________ system helps materials move through the body

circulatory

Open and closed circulatory systems use _______ to help blood move

muscles

Small blood vessels called _______ surround organs and help oxygen and nutrients move from the circulatory system to cells in the organ.

capillaries

Fish have hearts with ______ chambers

2

Amphibian hearts have _____ chambers

3

You often can tell what type of diet an animal eats by looking at the structures that it has for ________

feeding

Animals that eat ______ use teeth with sharp points for chewing.

insects

______ involves taking in water with food, pushing the water out through a filtering structure, and then eating the organisms that remain.

filter feeding

Some animals, particularly ______ have specialized mouthparts for eating.

insects

Cows and sheep have stomachs with ____ chamber(s) that are used to digest food.

many

A(n) ______ is a specialized structure in the digestive system where ingested material is stored.

crop

In animals that have closed circulatory systems, nutrients from the intestines are absorbed by ______

capillaries

In animals that have open circulatory systems, nutrients enter the blood ______ after absorption.

directly

In organisms that do not have filtering mechanisms, waste materials are excreted as water moves in and out of the animal�s ______

pores

Many aquatic animals remove liquid wastes using _______

kidneys

Most animals that live on land excrete ______ as a waste product rather than ammonia.

urea

Birds conserve water by excreting ______ instead of ammonia or urea

uric acid

When two unrelated animals evolve structures with similar functions, it is called _______

convergent evolution

When two animals evolve different features, but come from a common ancestor, it is called ______

divergent evolution

Bat wings and human hands have similar bone structure because they came from a common ancestor. These are an example of

homologous structures

A(n) ________ is how an organism reacts to other organisms or to its environment.

behavior

An animal reacts to a(n) ________ when it exhibits behavior.

stimulus

A(n) _______ is how an animal changes as the result of a stimulus

response

Animals have certain behavior when they feel threatened as a result of ______

stress

A reflex involves______ behavior.

only one

If innate behavior involves a number of steps in a certain order, it is a(n) ________

instinct

Some animal behaviors occur when ______ change.

seasons

Animals migrate to find food or return to a specific ________ location

breeding

Animals do______ when they respond to cold temperature and low food supply by a decrease in body functions

hibernation

n hot areas, some animals decrease activity for a period of time called

estivation

Learned behavior called _____ occurs when an organism becomes attached to something soon after birth or hatching.

imprinting

A duck�s becoming attached to a human is an example of attachment to a(n) ______.

organism

A turtle�s returning to the beach where it was born is an example of attachment to a(n) ______

place

Learned behavior that results from an animal trying to perform a task until it finds a method that works is called ____

trial and error

During ________ behavior is modified so the response to one stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus.

conditioning

Other animals appear to show cognitive behaviors when they use _____ to get food.

tools

Animals use communication for many purposes, such as protection, locating other members of their groups, _____, and finding mates

warning others of danger

To communicate in the dark, some animals use ________

bioluminescence

Fireflies blink a(n) _____ to attract a mate

code

The chemicals that some animals use to communicate are called _______

pheromones

Some animals communicate moods through _____ such as facial expressions

body language

A(n) _____ is a group of animals of the same species that live and work together in an organized way

society

Some societies are organized by ______ or according to the relative social status of members.

dominance

Animals that are below a dominant animal in a society are said to be ______

submissive

Dominance often reduces ______ within a society

fighting

Territories are used by societies for ______, mating, and raising young

feeding

To identify the territory, animals might physically change the territory, or they might mark the territory using _______, urine, or feces.

pheromones

If another animal of the same species enters this territory, an animal might try to ______ the invader.

scare

While using _______, animals usually do not try to seriously injure each other

agression

behavior that is specifically used to find a mate is called ______

courtship

In courtship, animals might use scents from pheromones or sounds from ______

mating songs

Bones can move because they are attached to _______

muscle