WGS Final

17th century

Increased literacy, as a result of the Puritan emphasis on reading the Bible. No books written specifically for children except those meant for academic instruction (primers). What time period?

18th century

Small numbers of books began to be written specifically for children; moral development was considered primary role of children's reading. Children's books contained either no illustrations or only crude woodblock prints; serious artists did not illustrate children's books

30 percent

In the study cited by Baird, of the 122 family firms analyzed (made between 2006 and 2009) approximately what percentage of the characters were female?

1970s-1990s

Increasing demands of work and decreased leisure time strained family relationships. Decline in governmental supports for families. What time period?

A colonized, marginalized culture

Citing Pat Murphy's critique, Sells argues that in relation to the human world, the undersea world in the film represents

A major battle

Stage 4 of adventure

A pure child enlivens and instructs those around him/her

At the beggining of the 20th century, these types of stories, seen in the work of L.M. Montgomery and Eleanor Portner, were particularly popular

A working mother

Kortenhaus concluded that children's books in the 1980's still "did not adequately reflect the changing role of women" (6) because out of 60 Caldecott winning books examined, one portrayed this kind of mother

Ability,class, andgender

Valint describes Colin's revelation of his rehabilitated body to his father and the rest of the household as a "performance of"... (275)

Achievements in the outside world are never as satisfying as the comforts of family life

According to the article, in Victorian domestic fiction, girls very often learn that

Administrators: Dress Codes, rest roomsPeers: bullying, teasing

Name two ways in which traditional gender norms can be enforces in schools

African American

Themes of liberty, including the freedom provided by literacy, are frequently emphasized in this genre of children's literature

An apron

Through the 1960's, women in children's books were very frequently shown wearing this item of clothing

Andrew Lang, Fairy Books, 1899-1912

Paved the way for mass-market fairy tales by adapting stories from diverse international sources, and focusing on providing child friendly entertainment rather than capturing a particular country's national heritage

Antoine Galland, The Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights)

The first print of the Arabian Nights stories

Are

Complete this quotation: "Key found males more involved in active roles while females appeared to be passive and victimized. He summarized their roles as, 'boys do: girls BLANK'

Arranged marriage, sexual double standard, educational inequality

In their fairy tales, 17th and 18th century French female writers spoke out against

Beautiful, sweet, frightened, kind, scared

Name two specific words commonly used to describe female characters, according to Turner-Bowker in 1996 (cited by Fitzpatrick)

Because both children and adults tend to assume they are male and use masculine pronouns to refer to them

Why are characters whose gender is not specified not necessarily gender neutral?

Biological determinism and Differential socialization

Name the terms Kimmel uses for these two theories of gender: 1) the belief that gender is innate and determined by one's anatomical sex; and 2) the belief that gender is learned

Books directed at girls

Which types of coloring books contained the most gender stereotypes?

Call to adevnture

Stage 1 of adventure

Call to adventure, crossing the threshold, the quest, major battle, crossing the threshold, celebration and reward

Name, in order, the 6 stages of the quest narrative, as outlined by Joseph Campbell and cited in the "Adventure Stories" article

Catharine D'Aulnoy, Tales of the Fairies, 1698

Stories that depicted the sufferings and virtues of women, and argued against the gender inequality of the time

Celebration and reward

Stage 6 of adventure

Charles Perrault

Author of Tales of Mother Goose

Charles Perrault, Tales and Stories of Times Past with Morals, 1697

Very influential book of tales with "morals" at the end, intended to instruct young adults on proper behavior and relations between the sexes

Choice of clothing, toys, activities

Name two ways in which parents can influence gender differences in their children

Christopher Paul Curtis

This author, whose work we read in this course, is mentioned twice in the article -- the second time in reference to novels that, "stress that the nuclear family and the family formed by the wider community united in its struggle for freedom are crucial to the development of individual strength and growth"

Class and gender

According to Valint, within the novel, what factors determine whether it is appropriate for a person to push or touch Colin's wheelchair (267)?

Counter storytelling

According to Koss, one of the consequences of a lack of racial diversity among authors and illustrators is a lack of BLANK (38)

Critical disabilities theory

Scholars applying this theory might examine "the complex interrelationship between impairment, an individual's response to that impairment, and [their]... environment"

Crossing the threshold

Stage 2 of adventure

Crossing the threshold

Stage 5 of adventure

Culturally Generic

Includes characters that represent a specific cultural group, but with little authentic cultural information

Culturally neutral

Includes multicultural faces or certain characters from minority groups, but depictions are based on just skin color or physical features, rather than cultural practices

culturally specific

Includes details that help identify characters as a member of a particular cultural group

Didactic

The purpose of this type of domestic fiction is to "demonstrate the proper method of raising a child to be a moral, social, kind and responsible adult who will fit into a certain class and gender mold" (Zipes "Domestic Fiction" 2068)

Disability

social exclusion

Disobedience

Early domestic fiction focused on children's BLANK

Domestic

This genre of literature focuses on a child learning lessons through both instruction and experience

Education and Family

The six socializing institutions by Kimmel are religion, peers, the workplace, media, and these two others

Educational books/Primers

During the 17th century, the only books published specifically for children were these

Emile, or On Education

One of the reasons Robinson Crusoe was so influential on author of children's books was its role as the protagonist's only reading material in this novel, written by Jean Jacques Rousseau

Entertainment, teach principles of life and morality, provide patterns for problem solving, preserve history of the group, provide explanation of the group's origin

List three purposes of storytelling in oral cultures

Erases the labor that others have done to bring about his improvement

Valint argues that Colin's attributing his recovery to "magic" (272)

Eve Kokofsky Sedgwick, Epistomology of the Closet

Challenges the assumption that the respective genders of people attracted to each other are the most important element of sexuality, and gives examples of sexual variations that lie outside of the heterosexual/homosexual binary

Femaleness

"According to Garland-Thompson in her outline of the feminist disabilities studies field, 'Western thought has long conflated \_______________ and disability'"

Females

According to Koss, in picture books from the 2000's, which are more likely to be portrayed in a non-traditional role or with unstereotypical characteristics, males or females?

Feminist

One of the goals of this type of analysis is to uncover the previously unacknowledged contributions of women

Feminist

Which form of literary/cultural criticism would be likely to focus on the contributions of an overlooked female writer?

Feminist, Queer, Disability

These three types of criticism would be most likely to focus on empowering previously marginalized groups

Fierce, great, terrible, brave, proud

Name two specific words commonly used to describe male characters, according to Turner-Bowker in 1996 (cited by Fitzpatrick)

Film animators, narrators of family films, characters in crowd scenes of family films

Studies have found that 17% of these are female

Financial gain

Which was not one of the original purposes of nursery rhymes

Folk tale

Created during the middle ages. Communicated orally. Reflect the perspective of exploited, lower class people. Created for a peasant or working-class audience. Have violent, crude and/or sexual content. Intended to express both the harsh realities and the wishful fantasies of the tale's creator(s).

Folk tales

These types of tales originated from ancient to feudal times and were communicated orally among the peasant class

Frame story

The Pentameron and The Thousand and One Nights are both examples of this literary form

Gayle Rubin "Thinking Sex"

Examines the way our society classifies sexual identities and behaviors in a hierarchical system thereby making some sexual expressions more valuable, and allowing those outside the valued parameters to be oppressed

Gender Schema Theory

the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly. Focuses on gender bias depicted in childrens books

Gender/Queer

Which form of literary/cultural criticism is the "newest"?

Gender/Queer

Which form of literary/cultural criticism would be likely to focus on characters or authors 'in-between' traditional identity categories?

Getting up out of his wheelchair

Valint observes that when Ben Weatherstaff first encounters Colin, Ben uses gender-neutral terms to refer to him and notices Colin's similarity to his mother; however, Ben later refers to Colin with masculine terms like "mon," "lad," and "sir" (270). What event leads to this shift in Ben's perception of Colin?

Giambattista Basile, The Pentameron (Tale of Tales), 1634-1636

Early collection of fairy tales, some of which reappeared in the Grimm's works

Grimm Brothers, Children's and Household Tales, 1812-1857

Intended to preserve authentic German folk culture, this work would eventually become the most widely translated non-religious book in the world

Hans Christian Andersen

The 19th century writer of fairy tales created his own original stories, in which the protagonists were often stand-ins for the author himself

Hegemonic definition of masculinity

Kimmel argues that while gender varies "across cultures... and among men and women within any one culture," (10) there still exists a dominant model of masculinity against which all men are expected to measure themselves. This can be referred to as

Her love of reading

According to Tatar which of the following makes Belle different from the typical fairy-tale heroine?

Heteronormativity, Defined and finite identity categories, and hierarchical binaries of good vs. bad sexualities

Queer theory challenges the following

Impairment

physical limitation

Invisible privelage

A social advantage that is not clear to or recognized by this who benefit from it can be called a(n) (two words)

Jean Jacques Rousseau

In the 1760's this philosopher emphasized children's moral development through simple living and connection to nature

Jean-Marie Leprince de Beaumont, Magsin des Enfants, 1757

One of the few 18th century authors/ works that explicitly addressed a child audience, trying to teach them morals and manners

John Newberry

One of the first picture books intendedc for children was Little Pretty Pocket Book published in 1744 by this man

Judith Butler, Gender Trouble

Argues that gender is not an essential part of our being but something acted out and that cross-dressing could be a strategy of resistance

Literary fairy tale

Created during the 18th or 19th century. Have been written by a single author. Communicated in writing. Reflect the perspective of the upper-middle class or aristocracy. Created for a middle and upper-class audience. Intended to reinforce middle or upper-class values and norms of behavior.

Little Women

What novel, published in 1868 and written by Louisa May Alcott, set a new standard for domestic fiction and served as an inspiration to later female authors like Burnett?

Mass market, commercial fairy tale

Created during the 20th century. Communicated in multiple media. Created for an audience of all social classes. Intended primarily to make money for large corporations. Intended to reaffirm the goodness of the culture industry that produced it.

Mass-marketed fairy tales

These type of tales are products of the culture industry for consumers of all classes

Mute

How does Valint describe the way in which Mary and Dickon are portrayed during the final scene of the novel when Mr. Craven returns (275)?

Normalcy

Lennard Davis argues that disability can be used in analyzing almost any work by investigating BLANK in literary texts

Orphan girl novels

In this type of late 19th and early 20th century novel, girls are portrayed as powerful in their ability to exert a positive, nurturing influence on men and boys

Passing

What word does Sells use to describe both Hans Christian Andersen's attempts to gain acceptance among those of a higher social class and Ariel's pretending to be human?

Pay more attention to boys than girls; allow boys greater latitude in behavior; higher expectations for boys in math and science and in reading and writing for girls

Name two ways in which teachers may, consciously or unconsciously, treat boys and girls differently

Political satire, instruction, amusement of either children or adults

Name two purposes of nursery rhymes when they were originally created

Post WWII

Rise in marriage rates; decrease in marriage age. Economic boom; many government supports for families. What time period?

Queer

One of the goals of this type of criticism is break down binaries and challenge the stability of established identity categories

Queer

This term can refer to challenging the stability of and relationship between identity categories based on sex, gender and sexuality

Queer theory

Scholars applying this theory might examine social attitudes about sexuality in the themes, or characters of literary texts

Queer, or disability

In these two types of analysis, one might investigate the history of, or critique notions of, "normalcy"

Reader Response theory

A scholar applying this literary theory might examine what the body of criticism published about a text suggests about the critics who interpreted that text

Reader Response theory

This type of analytical theory investigates the interaction of reader and text

Reader-Response

Which form of literary/cultural criticism represents a reaction to formalist criticism as too text focused?

Remaining faithful to the specific cultural traditions of each tale's country of origin

All of the following are apsects of Andrew Lang's Fairy Books that helped establish the model for the future volumes of folklore for children except

Separating the masculine world of work from the feminine domestic sphere

During the 19th century, industrialization and intro of market economy changed the structure of the American family by doing this

Social status

According to the article "Wheel Me Over There!" wheelchairs historically were perceived as symbols not only of disability, but also of...

Socially constructed,inexorably negative, and something that must (and can) be overcome

Valint agrees with Holmes (274) that the novel represents disability as

Tabula Rasa (Blank Slate) (made people focus on children's environments in shaping them as citizens, and specifically children's moral education)

John Locke's 1693 essay "Thoughts Concerning Education" established the idea of a child as this

The Cat in the Hat, Theodore Gisel

In 1957 this book revolutionized the picture book market by bridging the gap between illustrated educational readers and picture books intended for enjoyment. Give title and author's real name.

The common people and the upper class

Nursery rhymes were created by