Religion 2 Bolded Info

authority in judaism: nation led by

prophets

authority in judaism: liturgical community led by

priests

authority in judaism: state led by

kings

authority in judaism: disciple community led by

sages

why was Moses led by God in Exodus

to ordain his brother Aaron as first priest

authority in judaism: priest primary role

oversee sacrificial cult of Israelis

authority in judaism: where were first sacrifices performed

tabernacle aka tent of meeting

authority in judaism: from Solomon time (1 King 6-8) where were sacrifices performed

temple in Jerusalem

Solomon’s temple (the first temple) was destroyed by who and when

babylonians; after siege of Jerusalem in 587 BCE

Second temple was erected beginning of

516 BCE

who destroyed second temple, when, what stopped because of it

Romans, 70 CE, sacrificial cult not performed since

Where are earliest kings recorded

book of Samuel in Nevi-im

what happened to samuels sons after after his death

appointed judges

what request did God grant for his people politically

to “be like other nations”

first king and tribe

Saul; Benjamin

what did David return from philistines to Jerusalem and what was he doing when it arrived

ark of the covenant; dancing in priestly garments

Davidic Covenant

2 Samuel 7 God said that He would be the One to make a house for David and to establish the throne of David's son forever

Solomon (what did he do?)

built first temple and was the 3rd king

basic two-fold of prophets

orthodoxy and orthopraxy

orthodoxy

call back to exclusive worship of yahweh

orthopraxy

call back to social justice (love of neighbor)

Ten Commandments

Exodus 20- two “tables” of the law

what do prophets think about why the Assyrian and Babylonian exile happened

God’s discipline for abandoning exclusive worship of Yahweh and treating one another unjustly

rabbinic judaism: what is highly valued

wisdom

what book is quintessential Hebrew wisdom literature

proverbs in ketuvim

Mishnah

compiled ca. 200 CE, similar to proverbs, significant portion of “oral torah”

oral torah

builds a “fence around the law”

job of rabbis

filled the role of scholars or sages of the Jewish faith

after temple destruction what do ordained rabbis do

prayer, study, and dedicated obedience to the torah

halakhah

procedure/rule

avodah

service/work

halakhah reconfigures the concept of priestly avodah to

revolve around the “offerings” of self to God and others through prayer and good works rather than animal offerings

amidah

standing prayer, contains 18 (now 19) blessings

shema

imperative form of the verb “to hear”

tefflin (aka phylacteries)

leather boxes and straps containing the shema passages, binding these instructions on the hand and forehead

tallit

four-tassled prayer shawl also worn in the observance

mezuzah

box containing the shema scroll affixed to the doorposts of jewish homes

when were female rabbis ordained

1971 in Reform Judaism and 1983 in conservative

synagogue

gathering place, town halls

Hebrew/Aramaic term for synagogue and meaning

bet haknesset- house of meeting

mikdash me’at

temple in miniature (used interchangeably for synagogue)

sabbath or shabbat

7th day, beginning at sundown friday and ending at sundown satuday

sabbath text

exodus 20:8-11, Deuteronomy 5:12-15; creation and redemption in justification for ceasing from all labor

Mishnah

categories of labor to be avoided

jewish holiday yearly cycle

solar year (its quarterly markings) and lunar month

apostle

one sent

apostolic succession

the teaching that bishops represent a direct, uninterrupted line of continuity from the first Apostles of Jesus Christ.

bishop

episkopos (overseers)

elder

presbyters

deacon

diakonos

who was understood as bearers of apostolic authority

bishops

what were bishops understood to be

bearers of apostolic authority

elders and deacons known as

sacerdos= priests

five “sees” (chairs) of bishop

Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, Rome, and Constantinople

bishops were sometimes called

papa= pope= father

bishop of ____ saw himself as successor of ___ and what

rome, Peter, supreme leader of the church

protestant reformation

1500s, challenge to established church authority and practices of west, reformers saw church as having to much power

early protestant reformers

Martin Luther, john Calvin

first sacrement

baptism- rite of initiation practiced by Catholics and Protestants

second sacrement

eucharist- means “thanks-giving”; aka communion or the Lord’s Supper practiced and understood variously by Catholics and Protestants

third sacrement

confirmation- rite of initiation (b/t baptism and Eucharist) for Catholics)

fourth sacrement

reconciliation (confession)

seventh sacrement

holy orders- ordination of male priests

sixth sacrement

matrimony/marriage

fifth sacrement

anointing the sick with oil

ascension

of christ 40 days after easter

pentecost

descending of the Holy Spirit 50 days after easter

annunciation

to Mary 9 months before Christmas

transfiguration

in august

advent

weeks preceding Christmas

Christmas

12 days beginning December 25th with birth of Jesus

epiphany

12 days after Christmas

umma

worldwide community of muslims

shari’a

islamic law (touches all area of life)

figh

understanding

four sources of fiqh

Quran, sunna, ijma, Oiyas

sunna

Muhammads custom

Ijma

consensus among islamic authorities, especially in early umma

Oiyas

argument by analogy to better-understand topics or cases

on hadith: two parts of this literary form

isnād and matn

isnād

chain of transmitters to judge authenticity

matn

the report/saying from Muhammad

scale of authenticity of Hadith (most to least authentic)

sound, acceptable, weak, unknown, forgotten

2 islamic sects

sunni, Shi’ite

sunni

the people of sunna and the community, majority, caliph descends from Quraysh tribe (like Muhammad)

shi’ite

party of Ali, faction loyal to Muhammad’s cousin/son-in-law Ali, see caliphate as matter of hereditary succession

caliph

successor or deputy

ulamā

formally trained expert in shari’a and high

fatwā

formal legal opinion

Ijtihād

independent legal decision setting new precedent; root of work is same as that of jihad, refers to intellectual struggle made in coming to the decision

Imam

non-ordained by formally trained religious leader, leads friday noon congregational prayer and sermon

worship practices are: name and meaning

ibāda, service

mosque

postration place

qibla

direction of Mecca

niyya

intention, raising hands to ears to show that one is about to pray

Hadath

impurity- 2 types- major and minor

minor Hadath requires

wudū- washing before prayer

tahara

purification

ghusl

full bath before next friday/noon prayer

jihad

struggle/exertion, sometimes considered a 6th pillar, struggle to submit oneself of Allah