final neuro questions

which germ layer gives rise to the neural plate?

Ectoderm

What part of the brain regulates motivational and emotional states

Limbic System

Which derm layer is responsible for making up the skeleton and muscles

Mesoderm

The three subdivisions of the brain are? (Select all the above)

Mesencephalon, Prosencephalon, Rhombencephalon

Which term means “structures on the opposite sides of the midline”

Contralateral

Which system is responsible for involuntary functions of the body, including contraction of smooth muscle, glandular secretion, and digestive and cardiac function

Autonomic nervous system

\_____ is the birth of new neurons

Neurogenesis

\______ is the study of the structure of the nervous system Neuroanatomy\___ is the most common malformation of the nervous system and the second most common malformation overall after cardiac arrest

Neural tube defect

The brain weighs about 2% of the total body weight but uses about \____% of blood, oxygen, and calories supplied to the body

20%

In speech language pathology, the term\__________refers to an acquired neurogenic deficit in planning and programming of the articulators of speech

Apraxia of speech

Weeks 1-8 of prenatal development are termed the \__________ period

embryonic

True or false, teratogens are agents that cause birth defects

True

True or false, the sympathetic nervous system controls rest and digest and the parasympathetic nervous system involved fight of flight

False

True or false, the prosencephalon (forebrain) contains the telencephalon and the metencephalon

False

True or false, efferent pathways are motor pathways from the CNS

true

True or false, the basal ganglia are sets of nuclei found above the level of the brainstem that are responsible for some movement and also involved in regulation of background movements and muscle tone

True

What part of the neuron is the generator site for an action potential

Axon hillock

What condition does not have to be met for something to be considered a neurotransmitter

Must cause a postsynaptic action potential

What is the function of astrocytes

Maintain neuronal environment of the central nervous system

In the central nervous system, what is it called when an impulse jumps from gap to gap

Saltatory conduction

Which neurotransmitter is known as the brain reward system

Dopamine

Which type of glial cell is responsible for removing waste products

Microglia

What type of axon length is long, extends from the soma, and communicates across great distances

Golgi type 1

Name the neurotransmitter, Low levels linked with Alzheimer’s disease and type 1 diabetes, High levels are linked with inflammatory skin disorders like eczema

Substance P

Which of these does NOT describe a motor neuron

Carry information from peripheral tissues to the CNS

The primary excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system is

Glutamate

\___ release cytokines in inflammatory conditions such as infections, tumors and trauma

Microglia

During the \___period, a neuron will respond to new stimulation, but only if it is an especially strong signal

relative refractory

\___ are secreting glia found in the ventricles of the brain, making up the structure choroid plexus

Ependymal cells

The two phases of communication for neurons are the electrical phase and the \____ phase

chemical

What is the primary purpose of neurons

Communication

The coating on an axon that arises from glial cells, is responsible for insulating, and greatly enhances conduction speed is called

Myelin

True or false, oligodendrocytes myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system

false

True or false, loss of motor nerves (also called efferent nerves) leads to anesthesia

false

True or false, golgi type 2 neurons have short axons and communicate between structures in close proximity

true

True or false, in the resting state of a neuron, the electrical potential in the cell is between -50 and -70mV in relation to the outside of the cell

True

True or false, the relative refractory period have inactivated Na+ channels, so new stimulation and no effect on neuron

false

True or false, multiple sclerosis is a nervous system disorder also known as “multiple scarring.”

True

True or false, passive transport uses no energy

True

True or false, astrocytes are star shaped cells whose role is to nourish neurons and maintain nerve environment in the PNS

False

What type of fibers are responsible for connecting parts of the same hemisphere

Association Fibers

Which of the following is the most common form of cerebral palsy (CP)

Spastic CP

What type of Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) is characterized by a temporary loss of blood flow to the brain

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

What causes the diffuse nature of a traumatic brain injury

Rotational forces causing twisting and tearing of axonal fibers

What type of stroke involves a collection of blood in a tissue or space

Hemorrhagic stroke

Which cerebral cortex sends motor signals to move

Primary motor cortex

Blood enters the brain through the

carotid and vertebral arteries

What connects the Broca’s area to the Wenicke’s area

Arcuate fasciculus

What features of the cerebral cortex are considered “hills”?

Gyri

Phonagnosia is the

Inability to recognize previously known voices

What condition is characterized by limited verbal output that is agrammatical in nature, and co-occuring motor speech disorder

Broca’s aphasia

What percentage of the body’s oxygen does the brain consume

20%

The \___ is the inner layer of the meninges

pia mater

The \___ protects and maintains a constant environment for the brain

blood-brain barrier

The \____ area occupies Broadmann’s areas 44 and 45 and is involved in expressive language

Broca’s area

Damage to Wernicke’s area can result in a language disorder known as \____ characterized by fluent but nonsensical speech full of jargon and difficulty understating others’ speech

Wernicke’s aphaia or Fluent aphasia

The \___ is a region in the parietal lobe that plays a role in language processing, visual spacial processing, and understanding metaphors

Angualr gyrus

There are\___layers of the cerebral cortex

six (6)

The \____separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

central fissure

CSF flows from the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle by means of the \____, a tiny and vulnerable passageway

cerebral aqueduct

The \___ artery arises from the subclavian arteries and supplies the brainstem, cerebellum, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe

Vertebral

The \____ is a band of fibers that connects the right and left hemispheres

corpus callosum

The autoimmune disorder multiple sclerosis causes the degradation of \___

myelin

The name of this layer of the meninges means tough mother

dura mater

The ventral stream is responsible for the “where” of vision (T/F)

false

The left hemisphere of the cerebrum is responsible for prosody, facial expressions, body language, attention, and visuospatial skills

false

The 3 layers of the meninges in order from superficial to deep are

arachnoid mater, dura mater, pia mater. (T/F)

The epidural space is located between the skull and the dura mater. (T/F)

true

The non-pyramidal cells are large, pyramid shaped cells involved in initiation of motor function

False

The cingulate gyrus, hippocampal gyrus, and fusiform gyrus can be seen when the two cerebral hemispheres are pulled apart (T/F)

true

Multiple sclerosis is a rapid, progressive demyelinating PNS disease that causes paralysis over a short period of time. (T/F)

false

If one of your carotid arteries become occluded, your blood would not continue to supply the circle of willis from the remaining carotid and basilar arteries. (T/F)

false, not true because the unique design of the circle of willis is able to promote equal blood pressure and blood flow to all areas.

The skull protects the brain from penetration

True

What type of fibers are responsible for connecting parts of the same hemisphere

Association Fibers

Which of the following is the most common form of cerebral palsy (CP)

Spastic CP

What type of Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) is characterized by a temporary loss of blood flow to the brain

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

What causes the diffuse nature of a traumatic brain injury

Rotational forces causing twisting and tearing of axonal fibers

What type of stroke involves a collection of blood in a tissue or space

Hemorrhagic stroke

Which cerebral cortex sends motor signals to move

Primary motor cortex

Blood enters the brain through the

carotid and vertebral arteries

What connects the Broca’s area to the Wenicke’s area

Arcuate fasciculus

What features of the cerebral cortex are considered “hills”?

Gyri

What is the outermost layer of the meninges and is composed of two layers of tough connective tissue that are tightly bounded together

Dura mater

Phonagnosia is the

Inability to recognize previously known voices

What condition is characterized by limited verbal output that is agrammatical in nature, and co-occuring motor speech disorder

Broca’s aphasia

What percentage of the body’s oxygen does the brain consume

20%

The \___ is the inner layer of the meninges

pia mater

The \___ protects and maintains a constant environment for the brain

blood-brain barrier

The \____ area occupies Broadmann’s areas 44 and 45 and is involved in expressive language

Broca’s area

Damage to Wernicke’s area can result in a language disorder known as \____ characterized by fluent but nonsensical speech full of jargon and difficulty understating others’ speech

Wernicke’s aphaia or Fluent aphasia

The \___ is a region in the parietal lobe that plays a role in language processing, visual spacial processing, and understanding metaphors

Angualr gyrus

There are\___layers of the cerebral cortex

six (6)

The \____separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

central fissure

CSF flows from the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle by means of the \____, a tiny and vulnerable passageway

cerebral aqueduct

The \___ artery arises from the subclavian arteries and supplies the brainstem, cerebellum, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe

Vertebral

The \____ is a band of fibers that connects the right and left hemispheres

corpus callosum

The autoimmune disorder multiple sclerosis causes the degradation of \___

myelin

The name of this layer of the meninges means tough mother

dura mater