physio midterm 2

what kind of receptor does ACh have?

nicotinic, muscarinic

are nicotinic receptors excitatory or inhibitory?

excitatory

where are nicotinic receptors found?

CNS

Where are muscarinic receptors found?

ANS

Are muscarinic receptors excitatory or inhibitory?

Both

Nicotinic receptors are …………. while muscarinic are ……….

ligand gated, GPCR

How to terminate ACh?

acetylcholinesterase

Where is dopamine found?

CNS and PNS

dopamine receptors (2)

dopaminergic, GPCR

is dopamine excitatory or inhibitory?

both

how to terminate dopamine?

reuptake then breakdown by monoamine oxidase

what does dopamine regulate? (2)

motor function, reward

where can norepinephrine be found?

CNS and PNS

norepinephrine receptors (2)

adrenergic, GPCR

is norepinephrine excitatory or inhibitory?

both

termination of norepinephrine?

reuptake then breakdown by monoamine oxidase

what does norepinephrine regulate?

arousal, fight or flight response, blood pressure

where is serotonin found?

CNS

serotonin receptor?

5-HT, GPCR

is serotonin excitatory or inhibitory?

both

serotonin termination of action

SERT

what does serotonin regulate?

mood, sleep, vasoconstriction

where to find glutamate?

CNS

glutamate receptor

several subtypes, most ion channels with some GPCRs

is glutamate excitatory or inhibitory?

mostly excitatory

termination of action for glutamate

reuptake

what does glutamate regulate?

learning and memory

where can GABA be found?

CNS

GABA receptor (2)

GABA, ion channel

is GABA inhibitory or excitatory?

inhibitory

termination of action for GABA

reuptake

what does GABA regulate? (biased)

everything

Ion channel is part of receptor, generates graded potential

ionotropic receptor

coupled with G-proteins, ion channel is separate from receptor, receptor activates G proteins which signal 2nd messenger, leads to graded potential

metabotropic receptor (GPCR)

excitatory NTs cause …………. of the membrane

depolarization

inhibitory NTs cause ……………. of the membrane

hyperpolarization

At the synapses ACh can …………. muscles

stimulate

What are the 4 major parts of the brain?

cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum

short, nonmyelinated neurons and neuron cell bodies, dendrites?

gray matter

mainly myelinated axons

white matter

increase surface area and form brain divisions

gyri and sulci

ridges of the brain

gyri

shallow grooves of the brain

sulci

executive suite of the brain, divided into five lobes, contains three types of functional areas

cerebral cortex

executive planning and movement (which lobe?)

frontal lobe

sensory processing (which lobe?)

parietal lobe

visual processing (which lobe?)

occipital lobe

auditory processing and memory (which lobe?)

temporal lobe

functional divisions of the brain (3)

motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas

how are the hemispheres of the brain connected?

corpus callosum

Where is Broca’s area?

frontal lobe, usually present in left hemisphere

motor speech area that directs muscles of speech production, active in planning speech and voluntary motor activities

broca’s area

located in the left cortex at the juncture of the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. associated with language comprehension of both spoken and written messages

Wernicke’s area

language disorder due to damage in cortical areas

aphasia

“non-fluent” aphasia, difficulty pronouncing words, may omit small words

broca’s aphasia

“fluent” aphasia, speech production, ability to produce fluid sentences are not impaired, difficulty understanding speech, using incorrect words

wernicke’s aphasia

parts of the diencephalon (3)

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

afferent fibers from all parts of the body, including senses, synapse onto one or more nuclei in thalamus: major convergence area for most sensory input, “grand central station”. “screens out” insignificant signals

thalamus

vital for homeostasis and endocrine function, contains many nuclei

hypothalamus

contains pineal gland, secretes melatonin that helps regulate sleep cycle

epithalamus

Which of the following brain regions is a major convergence area for most sensory input before it is sent on to the cerebral cortex?

Thalamus

parts of the brainstem (3)

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival

brainstem

visual reflex center, auditory reflex

midbrain

relay center between higher brain centers and the spinal cord

pons

cardiovascular center, respiratory center

medulla oblongata

functions in balance, coordination, smoothing out movement

recent studies: important in coordinating thoughts, emotions

cerebellar

formation and storage of memories associated with emotions, especially fear

amygdala

memory formation and consolidation

hippocampus

motivation, aversion, reward

nucleus accumbens

what system allows us to consciously understand our emotions?

limbic

extends through the brainstem, governs brain arousal (keeps it conscious and alert)

reticular formation

conduction pathway to and form brain, connect the brain to the rest of the body, coordinates reflexes

spinal cord

skeletal and smooth muscle cells can also be called

muscle fibers

part of skeletal muscles, organs that attach and cover the skeleton

skeletal muscle tissue

long and striated, contract rapidly, tire easily

skeletal muscle tissue

voluntary movement of body, maintenance of posture, stabilization of joints

skeletal muscle tissue

found in walls of hollow internal organs, long and non-striated, involuntary

smooth muscle tissue

move fluids and other substances through internal body channels, dilation and constriction of eye pupils

smooth muscle tissue

found in the heart, make up the heart walls, striated, involuntary

cardiac muscle tissue

which muscle tissue controls the heartbeat?

cardiac

Of the following muscle types which is the only one subject to conscious control?

Skeletal

characteristics of muscle tissue? (4)

excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity

the ability to receive and respond to stimulus by changing its membrane potential and contracting

excitability

the ability to shorten when adequately stimulated

contractility

the ability to extend or stretch

extensibility

the ability to recoil and resume its resting length

elasticity

each muscle is covered by

epimysium

each muscle receives (3)

nerve, artery, and veins

connective tissues that surrounds the whole muscle

epimysium

group of muscle fibers covered by perimysium

fascicle

covered by endomysium

muscle fiber

composed of bundles of myofilaments

myofibril

each muscle fiber consists of bundles of the organelle ……….

myofibril

muscle fiber cell membrane

sarcolemma

cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

sarcoplasm

provides calcium to the muscle fiber

sacroplasmic reticulum

consist of chains of sarcomeres

myofibrils

region of myofibril between two successive Z discs, smallest functional unit of skeletal muscle

sarcomere

myofilaments can be ……… or ……….

thick, thin