APUSH Period 7-I

progressive era

a period of extraordinary social activism and political innovation during which compelling public issues forced profound changes in the role of government and presidential leadership

industrial

Many progressive Americans believed America was experiencing a crisis of democracy because of problems created by the ___________ revolution.

T

T/F: The three main concerns of progressives were political corruption, economic equality, and urban squalor.

F

T/F: Progressives were revolutionaries who wanted to get rid of capitalism and govern themselves

T

T/F: Progressivism was a national, not regional, movement.

social

Progressivism drew upon the new “_______” sciences: sociology, political science, psychology, public health, and economics to “investigate, educate, and legislate.”

F

T/F: Progressives almost always agreed on big issues and were very accepting of other races, genders, and religions.

1890s

The economic depression of the _______ inspired progressives to fight for the millions of people now unemployed and living in poverty.

mugwumps

“gentlemen” reformers who fought the patronage system and insisted that government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit; inspired the “honest government” goal of progressives

Socialist Party of America

a socialist group supported mostly by militant farmers and German and Jewish immigrants; considered the radical wing of progressivism; focused on improving working condition and closing the income gap through progressive taxation; most progressives rejected this party’s extremes

laissez-faire

Most progressives rejected the extremes of both socialism and ________ individualism, preferring and new, regulated capitalism “softened” by humanitarianism.

muckrakers

investigative journalists who informed the public about corruption and social problems due to industrialism; investigated corporate monopolies and crooked political machines while exposing the miserable conditions in which the working poor lived and labored

social gospel

the belief that religious institutions and individual Christians must help bring about the “Kingdom of God” on earth; Christians had an ethical obligation to help the poorest and most vulnerable members of society; sparked the creation of YMCA and YWCA; many people leading the movement believed that Christianity had become too closely associated with the upper and middle classes

settlement house

Hull House, a famous ____________, was created to address the needs of the working poor, especially newly arrived European immigrants, and treated all residents as equals.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

a fire at a shirtwaist factory which killed 146 workers; escape routes were previously locked to prevent theft; many jumped from the higher stories to escape the flames; widespread press coverage led to dozens of new city and state regulations dealing with worker safety

National Child Labor Committee

organization that fought to end child labor; most states ended up passing such laws, but they were not enforced

T

T/F: The Supreme Court was inconsistent in its rulings on state labor laws., but it eventually shortened the work day to ten hours.

direct primary

proposed political reform which would allow all members of a party to vote on the party’s nominees, rather than the traditional practice in which an inner circle of party leaders choose the candidates behind closed doors

initiative

proposed political reform which allowed citizens to sign petitions to have a proposal put on the ballot

referendum

proposed political reform which allowed citizens to vote on a proposed law

recall

proposed political reform which allowed citizens to vote a politician out of office

17th

The _________ amendment provided for the direct election of senators by the public.

Taylorism

labor system based on detailed study of work tasks; intended to maximize efficiency and profits for employers and reduce the likelihood of strikes; “men will not do an extraordinary day’s work for an ordinary day’s pay”; inspired reorganizations of federal agencies as well to ensure they worked as intended

commission system

governing system which placed ultimate authority in a board composed of commissioners who combined both legislative and executive powers in heading up city departments

city-manager plan

governing system by which an appointed administrator ran a city or county government in accordance with policies set by the elected council and mayor

T

T/F: The effort to make governments more “businesslike” resulted in many officials focusing on reducing expenses instead of expanding services when these service were very much needed.

Wisconsin idea

a governing system in which a nonpartisan state government would be supplied with nonpartisan research and help in drafting legislation

Congress

During Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency, he became the source of policy making rather than __________, which he believed was too dominant and too corrupt.

F

T/F: During the 1902 coal strike, Roosevelt sided with the company and forced the workers to accept low pay and long hours.

Hepburn Act

act which gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the powers to set maximum freight rates for the railroad industry

Meat Inspection Act

act which required the Department of Agriculture to inspect every hog and steer whose carcass crossed state lines

Pure Food and Drug Act

act which required the makers of prepared food and medicines to host government inspectors and label the ingredients in their products

Forest Reserve Act

act which preserved 172 million acres of federally owned forests from being logged; came as a result of Roosevelt’s support for environemental conservation

T

T/F: Theodore Roosevelt refused to confront racism during his presidency, even admitting that he believed African-Americans were inferior to whites.

Brownsville Riot

riot during which some members of a Black army regiment got into a shootout with whites who were harassing them outside a saloon; Roosevelt dishonorably discharged the entire regiment

New Nationalism

Theodore Roosevelt's program in his campaign for the presidency; called for a national approach to the country's affairs and a strong president to deal with them

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson’s program in his campaign for the presidency; called for small government and states’ rights and federal power only when necessary

Eugene Debs

a Socialist who got an astonishing 900,000 votes in the election of 1912

Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act

act passed by Wilson which lowered tariff rates on almost 1,000 imported products; the first income tax was created to make up for this loss in government income

Federal Reserve Act

act by Wilson which created a national banking system with twelve regional districts, each of which had its own Federal Reserve Banks owned by member bank in the district; intended to adjust the nation’s currency supply to promote economic growth and ensure the stability and integrity of member banks

Federal Trade Commission

a commission created by Wilson which defined unfair trade practices and issued cease-and-desist orders when it found evidence of such practices

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

act which clarified Sherman Anti-Trust Act; declared that labor union were not to be viewed as monopolies in restraint of trade, as well as other “monopolistic” activities

T

T/F: After completing various progressive goals, Wilson had no desire to continue increasing the power of the federal government.

T

T/F: Wilson was openly racist and supported segregation.

T

T/F: The United States defeated the Spanish in the Philippines and assisted Filipinos in declaring independence from Spain. However, America’s victory meant that the Philippines would be occupied by US forces.

Rough Riders

a US unit in Cuba made up of various young men from different backgrounds; Theodore Roosevelt was second-in-command

F

T/F: After the war with Spain, Cuba was supposed to become an American territory.

Philippines

US business leaders wanted America to annex the ____________ so they could more easily penetrate the markets of China. Missionary operations wanted to bring Christianity to “the little brown brother.”

racial

There were four motivating ideas of American imperialism: national glory, expanding commerce, _________ superiority, and Christian evangelism.

F

T/F: The vast majority of Americans supported its annexation of the Philippines.

self-governing

Anti-imperialists disagreed with the annexation of the Spanish islands because they believed it violated the American principle that people should be _____________ rather than colonial subjects.

T

T/F: When the Filipinos declared independence from the US and the Philippine-American War began, US troops committed several atrocities against the Filipinos.

American Anti-Imperialist League

a group which spoke out against American imperialism; members included Andrew Carnegie, Mark Twain, and Jane Addams

Drago Doctrine

a Latin American Doctrine in response to US and European interference in the internal affairs of Latin America; prohibited armed intervention by other countries to collect debts

Roosevelt Corollary

amendment to the Monroe Doctrine by Theodore Roosevelt; stated that in certain circumstances the US was justified in intervening in Latin American nations to prevent outsiders from doing so; after, Roosevelt and other US president repeatedly used military force to ensure that Latin American nations paid their debts to US and European banks

Taft-Katsura Agreement

agreement between US and Japan in which the US accepted Japanese control of Korea and Japan recognized US control of the Philippines; was a result of US fears about Japan’s increased power

Root-Takahira Agreement

agreement between US and Japan in which they both reinforced the independence and integrity of China and the principle of equal opportunity for commerce and indutry in China

Gentlemen’s Agreement

agreement between US and Japan in which the US would allow Asian students to attend school with white students if Japan would stop encouraging unemployed Japanese laborers to go to America

Great White Fleet

US fleet of warships which went on a fourteen month world tour to demonstrate America’s emerging power and ability to protect itself

dollar diplomacy

diplomacy method employed by Taft by which he used the State Department to help American companies and banks invest in foreign countries; created US companies in foreign countries; both countries get profits and US gets international influence

moral diplomacy

diplomacy method employed by Wilson by which he judged international affairs by whether they were morally right or wrong and whether they abided by American values; caused him to intervene heavily in foreign affairs

Mexican Revolution

an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts between Mexico and the US; began when Wilson refused to recognize rebel government and seized on silly disputes to send troops into Mexico; US forces left after rebel government was overthrown, but Mexican forces continued to fight back; ended when US general couldn’t find Mexican troops in northern mountains of Mexico

Plan of San Diego

plan created by Mexican American anarchists in Texas to overthrow the US government and establish an independent republic made up of the five Southwest state bordering Mexico; every North American over 16 was to be killed as well as Mexican Americans who did not want to participate; plan was found out and armed Texas Rangers were prepared to stop it; thousands of Mexican Americans, including innocents, were killed

T

T/F: Although Americans did not initially want to join World War I, they chose sides based on their ethnicity and past international relations.

F

T/F: The United States stuck to its pacifist view of the war and refused to assist any countries with their war efforts.

u-boats

German submarines used in WW1 to sink ships; violated wartime tradition of allowing passengers and crew to safely offboard before sinking ships

Arabic Pledge

pledge by Germans that said liners would not be sunk by u-boats without warning and without safety of the lives of non-combatants

Sussex Pledge

pledge by Germans after Arabic Pledge that implied the virtual abandonment of submarine warfare

National Security League

organization created to promote more military spending after the German u-boat sinking of the Lusitania

National Defense Act

act passed by Congress which provided for the expansion of the US Army over the next five years

Revenue Act of 1916

act which doubled the income tax rate, taxed munitions makers, and added a tax on “excessive” corporate profits

Zimmermann Telegram

intercepted telegram from Germany to Mexico which instructed the German ambassador to tell the Mexican government that if the US enter the war in Europe, Mexico would invade the southern US and regain “lost territory”

T

T/F: Entered WW1 greatly damaged progressivism and its ideals.

T

T/F: While Woodrow Wilson may have had a decent peace plan after WW1, it was his own mistakes and political blunders that led to his #epicfail.

F

T/F: Germany and Communist Russia were involved in the Paris Peace Conference.

League of Nations

organization of nations formed in the aftermath of WW1 to mediate disputes and maintain international peace; unpopular among Republicans and was blocked in Congress

Treaty of Versailles

WW1 treaty; created new countries; took Germany’s land and colonies; forced Germany to accept responsibility for the war and its entire expense; largely led to the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party

T

T/F: Wilson refused to compromise with Congress on the treaty of Versailles and America’s involvement in the League of Nations.

Treaty of Versailles

When Wilson became ill, the ___________ was blocked in Congress, meaning his attempt at global peacemaking failed.

Spanish Flu

deadly flu in 1918 that killed twice as many people as in WW1; people blamed immigrants and foreigners; public health system was strained; skewed gender ratios because it killed more men than women

T

T/F: The four facets of progressive “ideology” are social justice, democracy, regulation, and efficiency.

Women’s Christian Temperance Union

women’s organization which preached temperance, or abstinence from alcohol; focused on family in pamphlets; protested outside of saloons; inspired several prohibition laws, including the 18th amendment

T

T/F: The 18th amendment was passed because of nativist and pro-soldier ideas during WW1.

T

T/F: When considering women’s rights, the West was less conservative than the East.

19th

The _____ amendment gave women the right to vote.

Sherman Antitrust Act

act which prohibited “any combination that restrained free trade”

T

T/F: *The Northern Securities Co. v. US* case got Teddy Roosevelt the reputation of being a trust-buster and set a precedent for breaking up trusts

Sierra Club

organization founded in 1892 that was dedicated to the enjoyment and preservation of America's great mountains and wilderness environments; disagreed with Teddy Roosevelt’s managed use of forest instead of no use

Payne-Aldrich

Although Taft claimed he would not raise tariffs, he soon signed the _____________ Tariff, which backfired on him.

T

T/F: After a disagreement between his Secretary of the Interior and the Forest Service Chief appointed by Roosevelt, Taft fires the Forest Service Chief.

secret ballot

proposed political reform in which all votes would be confidential and anonymous

T

T/F: The election of 1912 caused a split between progressivism and conservatism in the Republican party.

T

T/F: Due to new philosophies and economic needs, America broke from its diplomatic tradition and began to expand.

Hawaiian League

a group of wealthy white landowners in Hawaii who want the King to let go of some power and let the US annex it as a state; overthrows new queen and gets the state annexed

Spain

The war with __________ was caused by American interest in Cuban sugar, white superiority, sensationalized media, and the explosion of the *Maine*.

Teller Amendment

declaration of war on Spain; recognized Cuban independence; claims the US had no interest or intent in annexing Cuba

Panama Canal

canal built by the US in Panama to help international trade; French purchased the rights to buy the canal but fail because of supply chain issues and disease, so lead talks to Washington DC about the value of building a canal; French incites revolution in Panama and puts a clause in the treaty that the US can build the canal in exchange for $10 million dollars

Platt Amendment

a treaty between the U.S. and Cuba that attempted to protect Cuba's independence from foreign intervention; says the U.S. can control tons of aspects of how Cuba is run, just without actual American ownership.

big stick diplomacy

type of diplomacy used by Teddy Roosevelt to display American power and control other countries

War Industries Board

government industry during WW1 which promoted conservation of resources; allocated resources to companies who need it most; promote production through government contracts with industries