apush mod 5 test review

Module 5-1

Manifest destiny

-A notion held by Americans in the 1840s-50s that the United States was destined to rule from coast to coast (Atlantic all the way to pacific)
-belief started in 1830 and continued throughout the mid 1800s
-phrase coined by John L O'sullivan
-religious component ("God's mission was for us to spread our democracy")
-caused debates over slavery and Native Americans because all this land was intended for white people only

John L. O'Sullivan

-influential editor of the Democratic Review Newspaper
-coined the phrase "manifest destiny" in 1845
-believed racial purity was the key

Thomas Hart Benton

-leading supporter of expansionism, free land, and internal improvements during the Manifest destiny era
-senator from missouri
-democratic and pro slavery
-he supported manifest destiny because he viewed it as a way to expand the "slaveocracy" of the south

election of 1844

-previous election (1840): Harrison from the whig party won, but then died of pnemonia so his VP tyler took over who switched parties a bunch of times
-now, its 1844 and new presidential candidates are running against the backdrop of interest in westward expansion
-democrats nominated James K Polk
-Whigs nominated Henry Clay
-the Liberty party nominated James G Birney
-Polk won

What were the three political parties at the time of the 1844 presidential election?

1. Democrats

2. Whigs

3. Liberty Party

Democrats

-South
-pro slavery
-supported manifest destiny
-nominated Polk in the 1844 election

Whigs

-North
-mostly anti-slavery, but this was not an official die hard policy of the party
-did not support manifest destiny
-nominated Clay in the 1844 election

Liberty Party

-first political party created specifically against slavery
-nominated Birney in the 1844 election
-never wins elections because they're a 3rd party

James K. Polk

-democratic presidential candidate in the 1844 election
-from Tennessee
-considered a dark horse candidate
-nickname \= young hickory
-wins the presidency in 1844

Dark Horse Candidate

-A candidate for office with little support before the beginning of the nomination process -A "surprise" candidate that isn't already famous -James K. Polk was the first dark horse candidate for president in 1844.

Young Hickory / Old hickory

-Andrew Jackson had the nickname old hickory
-James K Polk had the nickname young hickory
-both were from Tennessee

Henry Clay

-Whig candidate in the 1844 election
-loses the election because he hesitated to commit to expansion because of slavery implications

James G. Birney

-liberty party candidate in the 1844 presidential election
-anti-slavery
-from NY
-captured the state of New York, which is why clay lost

What were Polk's campaign promises in the election of 1844?

1. He will make sure Texas comes into the union

2. He will establish the western boundary of the US at the 54 40 line

3. He will add California into the union

How does Polk accomplish campaign promise \#1: Annex texas?

-Texas has been a free republic ever since they broke away from Mexico during the Mexican revolution
-Texas asked to be annexed during Jackson's presidency, but Jackson denied them because Texas was a slave state
-Then, Texas was annexed 1 month before Polk took office

How does Polk accomplish campaign promise \#2: 54 40 line for the western boundary of the US?

-Officially, Polk claims he wants to establish the north west border of the US with british canada at the 54 40 line (in oregon territory)
-however, in reality he was asking for more than he wanted to that when they compromised, he would get as much land as he really wanted all along
-Polk signed a treaty to set the boundary at the 49th parallel

How does Polk accomplish campaign promise \#3: annex california?

-California is currently part of Mexico, so it will be a lot harder to annex than texas
-Polk sends James Slidell to offer Mexico $25 million in exchange for California + other lands and for the border between Mexico and Texas to be the Rio Grande
-However.... Mexico doesn't like this offer
-Polk goes to war with Mexico and wins this land as a result

James Slidell

-diplomat Polk sent to try to buy California region and a favorable Texas border for $25 million
-Mexico refuses Slidell's offer

Texas border dispute

-the US and Texas claimed the border between Texas and Mexico was the rio grande river
-Mexico claimed that the border was the Nueces river instead
-Polk offers Mexico $25 million for the rio grande border but Mexico refuses
-US successfully "steals" the border

Mexican Cession

-Territory of California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Nevada that Polk wanted to add to the US
-Slidell offered Mexico $25 Million to buy this land, but Mexico refused
-eventually, this land was sold by Mexico to the U.S. after the U.S. defeated them in war
-the gain of these lands successfully completed the US's goal of manifest destiny

Why does the US want California so much?

1. California is the last piece to completing Manifest Destiny

2. California has great soil

3. California runs along basically the entire seaboard of the pacific coast, so it has immense trade potential with overseas countries

4. Later, gold will be discovered in California

Mexican-American War

-(1846-1848)
-The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired the mexican cession and the favorable Texas border
-provoked by Polk who was upset that Mexico refused to sell these areas

What starts the Mexican American war?

-Polk sends US soldiers into the disputed area of the Texas border
-Mexico views this as an invasion, so they attack
-this is the justification Polk needs to declare war
-However, some people see right through Polk' scheme: ex - Abraham Lincoln argued at the house of representatives that there was no reasonable cause for war

Spotty Abe

-Abraham Lincoln's nickname because he kept demanding to see the spot on US soil where American blood had been shed
-he was suspicious of Polk

General Zachary Taylor

General who led American troops to the Rio Grande to provoke war with Mexico

Who did NOT support the Mexican American war?

-Whigs and transcendentalists
-Many believed that US had no legal right to land south of the Nueces River
-Ralph Waldo Emerson feared slavery issue in new conquered territories would lead to a severe sectional crisis
-Thoreau also spoke out against the war

Bear flag revolution

A revolt of American settlers in California against Mexican rule during the Mexican American war

Wilmot Proviso

-1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico
-proposed by David Wilmot
-ultimately failed and was NOT passed

David Wilmot

-representative from Pennsylvania who proposed the Wilmot Proviso, which as an anti-slavery proposition for the western territories
-member of the democrat party (pro slavery) but from the north (anti slavery)

How did the Mexican American war end?

-Mexico surrendered in 1848 after the fall of Mexico city
-democrats wanted to conquer ALL of Mexico to extend slavery, but whigs forced them not to by threatening to cut off funding
-Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends the war

Conscience Whigs (1840s and 1850s)

-Northern Whigs who opposed slavery on moral grounds
-Conscience Whigs threatened to cut off supplies to the US army in the Mx-Amer was if they tried to take all of mexico
-had control of the house of representatives as of 1846

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

-Treaty that ended the Mexican War in 1848
-U.S. got California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and part of New Mexico, the rio grande border for texas, and $3.25 million
-Mexico got $15 million
-treaty approved by the senate after bitter deabte because the south wanted more land of Mexico

Gold rush

-gold was found at Sutter's Mill in California in 1848
-thousands of settlers rushed to California to get rich quick
-caused more tensions between newly arriving whites, local Native Americans, and californios

Sutter's Mill

location where gold was discovered in California along the American river in 1848, setting off the gold rush

forty niners

People who went to California looking for Gold (They left in 1849)

californios

Mexicans descendants who lived in California

What were the effects of the Gold rush?

1. 49ers confiscated land, ruined the ecosystem, forced Mexican and American Indian men to labor for low wages, and stole from competitors

2. Many women were exploited and abused, but some made a living by renting rooms, cooking meals, washing clothes, or prostitution

3. chinese men were run off their claims by white men

4. The sudden increase in settlers made the question of slavery in the west erupt

module 5.2

Election of 1848

-both parties tried to avoid the issue of slavery because it was too controversial
-instead, they tried to nominate candidates from the opposite region in order to sway more votes from their opposers
-democrats nominated northern democrats because they were stronger in the south
-whigs nominated southern whigs because they were stronger in the north
-zachary taylor wins

Lewis Cass

-Democratic candidate in the 1848 election
-from the north
-his stance on slavery was popular sovereignty (people in the territories should decide for themselves if they want to allow slavery)
-known as the father of popular sovereignty

Zachary Taylor

-Whig candidate in the election of 1848
-previously, he was the general from the mexican american war
-he was from the south and supported slavery (louisiana slave owner)
-Taylor wins the election (the north likes him because he's a whig, the south loves him because he's pro slavery)

Martin Van Buren

-free soil party candidate in the 1848 election
-previously, he was Jackson's VP and the president in 1836
-used to be a democrat, but became a free soilist because he opposed slavery
-didn't get a SINGLE vote

free soil party

-A political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery
-still racist because they wanted to save the land for white people
-"free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men"
-supported Martin Van Buren in the 1848 election
-didn't carry a single state

What reinvigorates the debate over slavery?

-the gold rush
-none of the western territories were ready to become states yet, so the issue of slavery didn't really matter
-then.... california's population BOOMED overnight thanks to the gold rush, and all of the sudden they are applying for statehood
-the western states have no guidelines for slavery (too far west for the Missouri compromise to apply and the wilmot proviso was never passed)
-California asked congress for admission as a free state in 1849
-this sparks problems because california would tip the senate in favor of free states
-as a result, the south threatens to secede

Why does California come in as a free state?

most poor people live there, so having slaves would drive poor whites out of work

Who controls the government branches in 1850?

-North controls the house (more people live in northern states)
-north controls the presidency (whig president)
-north controls the senate (california made 16 free states to 15 slave states)
-the only branch not completely dominated by the north is the judiciary branch which is essentially the most useless branch right now

Great Triumvirate

-Refers to the three statesmen who dominated the United States Senate in the 1830s and 1840s:
-Henry Clay of Kentucky (west)
-Daniel Webster of Massachusetts (north)
-John C. Calhoun of South Carolina (South)
-now that it is the 1850s, these people are dying

What was Calhoun's response to the slave debates sparked by California's annexation?

-he comes up with the idea of concurrent majority
-this means that the north and south should have equal influence in government

What was Clay's response to the slave debates sparked by California's annexation?

-he comes up with the compromise of 1850
-stated that the north should pass more effective fugitive slave law
-supported by stephen douglas and Danial webster, rejected by Calhoun

Compromise of 1850

1. California is admitted as a free state

2. Abolition of the slave trade in DC

3. popular sovereignty decides slave status in the Mexican cession area

4. More stringent fugitive slave law

5. Texas received $10 million from federal government for surrendering claim to disputed territory in New Mexico

Henry Clay's Compromises

1. Missouri Compromise

2. Compromise tax bill of 1833

3. Compromise of 1850

7th of March Speech, 1850

-Speech given by Webster on March 7, 1850 trying to keep the union intact
-Webster supported Clay's compromise and urged reasonable concessions to the south such as clay's proposed tougher fugitive slave law
-this speech helped convince the north to support the compromise, but made many abolitionists hate him

William H. Seward

-NY radical who was fiercely anti-slavery
-opposed compromise because he didn't want to give the south any concessions
-stated that Christian legislators must obey God's moral law
-argued against slavery in the western territories on religious grounds

Recap of proposed solutions to slavery debate:

1. popular sovereignty - every territory votes on whether to allow slaves or not (Lewis Cass)

2. Concurrent majority - the south should be given special political rights as a "minority" (Calhoun)

3. Higher law - slavery should be outlawed everywhere because its immoral (William H. Seward)

4. compromise - reasonable concessions should be given to both the north and south (Clay and Webster)

5. Wilmot proviso - no slavery allowed in western territories (David Wilmot)

6. (previously) Missouri compromise - no slavery allowed north of the 36 30 line

What was the final accepted solution to the slavery debate (for now)?

-debate raged on for 7 months
-stephen douglas passed the compromise of 1850 through congress piece by piece

Stephen Douglas

-known as the "little giant"
-democratic senator from Illinois
-Supported the compromise of 1850 and passed it piecemeal through congress after it was denied the first time

Death of Zachary Taylor

-Taylor is in favor of the 1850 compromise and allows California to come in as a free state, despite being pro-slavery
-the south doesn't like this
-then he dies
-very suspicious because he may have been poisoned by the south
-historically inaccurate, he jut had indigestion

Millard Fillmore

-Took over for President Taylor when he died (was Taylor's VP)
-signed the piecemealed compromise of 1850

fugitive slave law

-Enacted by Congress in 1850
-these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners.
-this was the most controversial part of the 1850 compromise
-The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end.
-many states in the north refused to follow the law (nullification) or passed additional laws to try and combat this one

personal liberty laws

-Laws passed by Northern states forbidding the imprisonment of escaped slaves
-passed in response to the fugitive slave act

Ableman vs. Booth

-(1859)
-case in which the U.S. Supreme Court upheld both the constitutionality of the Fugitive Slave Act and the supremacy of the federal government over state governments
-presided over by chief justice roger B taney
-basically, booth was a newspaper editor who violated the fugitive slave act (he helped rescue a slave). He was put in jail for breaking the law. He appealed to the STATE supreme court, which ruled that the federal law was unconstitutional. Booth was then released. However, the police marshal named Ableman didn't like this. Ableman appealed to the FEDERAL supreme court, which ruled that the federal law was standing and that state law couldn't overpower it

Election of 1852

-democrats nominated Franklin Pierce
-Whigs nominated Winfield scott
-Free soil nominated John Hale
-marked the end of the whig party
-pierce won

Franklin Pierce

-democratic candidate from the north (New hampshire) in 1852 election
-dark horse candidate
-won the presidency

Winfield Scott

-Whig candidate from the south (virginia) in 1852 election
-later, a commander of the union army in 1861

John Hale

free soil candidate in 1852 election

Why did the whig party collapse after the 1852 election?

-they could not come up with a position on slavery that was satisfactory to their voting base

Collapse of the Whig Party

-The deaths of Henry Clay and Webster severely weakened the Whig Party.
-The Compromise of 1850 had fractured the Whigs along pro-slavery and anti-slavery lines
-the whigs were unable to persuade many voters at all in the 1852 election, after which they fell apart
-the whigs will be replaced by the modern day republican party

republican party

-formed in 1854
- anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, Free Soilers and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories
-main goal was to stop the spread of slavery

What are Pierce's presidency goals?

-he sought to extend Manifest destiny overseas
-he wanted to claim cuba (as a slave state to offset california)

How does Pierce try to obtain cuba?

-he offers $100 million dollars to Spain
-simultaneously, US ambassadors meet in Belgium with England and France to draft the Ostend manifesto just in case Spain says no
-But, the north finds out about the conspiracy to add cuba and they FREAK out

Ostend Manifesto

-(1854)
-A declaration issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.
-caused outrage in the north when discovered

Gadsden Purchase

-1853 purchase by the United States of southwestern lands from Mexico for 10 million dollars for the purpose of building a railroad from Houston to the west coast
-northerers didn't like that the first transcontinental RR would be in the south, so this prompted the Kansas Nebraska act

Treaty of Kanagawa

1854 treaty between Japan and the US that gave US coaling rights in Japan

Summary of land acquisitions of the 1800s

1. texas

2. Mexican Cession

3. Gasden Purchase

4. oregon failed = cuba

Module 5.3

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

-Proposed by Senator Douglas (Illinois) and advocated popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska territories (vote by people of territory whether they would be slave or free state)
-Douglas wanted it to facilitate the building of the transcontinental railroad on a central route through Illinois, thus benefitting his state economically.
-K/A Act passed but backfired terribly as extremes of both sides of slavery debate flooded into Kansas.
-Votes on constitutions were plagued with fraud and "Bleeding Kansas" begins as violence erupts between pro/anti-slavery groups.

Why was the kansas nebraska act problematic?

-Kansas and Nebraska are both above the 36 30 line, so letting them decide about slavery for themselves was a violation of the missouri compromise
-the north should have been able to block this act, but it was economically favorable so it passed
-effectively ruined the compromises of 1820 and 1850

Transcontinental Railroad

-Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US
-ran through chicago, through Kansas, to the san fransisco area

New England Emigrant Aid Company

Organization created to facilitate the migration of free laborers to Kansas in order to prevent the establishment of slavery in the territory.

beecher bibles

Rifles carried by anti-slavery organizations in Kansas. Reverend Henry Ward Beecher raised money to help purchase them.

Bleeding Kansas

-A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory
-both sides were trying to influence the final constitution of Kansas to make it a free / slave state respectively
-essentially a state wide civil war
-lots of fraud in the elections

John Brown

-anti slave advocate in bleeding kansas
-after pro slave ppl raided Lawrence, Brown responds with the potowatomie creek massacre in 1856
-believes he was inspired by God

Potowatomie Massacre

John brown hacked 5 pro slave people to death in 1856 in response to the lawrence raid

Lecompton Constitution

-Proslavery Kansans drafted constitution, but voters had to vote for it "with slavery" or "with no slavery"
-pro slavery forces cheated and voted many times
-Douglas (northern dem in congress) refused to validate the fraudulent constitution
-eventually rejected

Brooks-Sumner Incident

-1856
-SC Congressman Brooks (pro-slavery) took a cane to MA Senator Sumner (abolitionist) after he insulted SC and slavery.

election of 1856

-democrats nominated James Buchanan of Pennsylvania and supported popular sovereignty for slavery
-republicans nominate John C Fremont
-the know nothing party nominated millard fillmore
-this election is the first time that the incumbent (Pierce) was not supported
-Buchanan wins

What was the republican platform during the 1856 election?

1)"Free Soil, Free Speech, and Freemont"
2)Called for repeal of the hated Kansas-Nebraska Act,
3)Opposition to the extension of slavery into the territories and
4)Support for internal improvement projects.
5)Also took every opportunity to blame the Democrats for the horrors of "Bleeding Kansas."

Fire-eaters

-Southern political leaders who held extreme pro-slavery views
-they threatened to leave the union if fredmont won

James Buchanan

-democratic nomination in 1856
-pro slavery
-unknown, he was previously a lawyer
-wins the election

Know-Nothing Party

-Political party of the 1850s that was anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant
-also known as the American party
-nominated millard fillmore in 1856 elections

John C fremont

-Republican presidential candidate in 1856
-catholic, which was not liked by the north

Millard fillmore

know nothing candidate in 156 election

Dred Scott v. Sanford

-1857 Supreme Court decision
-stated slaves were not citizens: slaves were property no matter where they were living and the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional
-also permitted slavery in all territores

Dred Scott

-A black slave, had lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory.
-Backed by interested abolitionists, he sued for freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil.
-The ruling on the case was that He was a black slave and not a citizen, so he had no rights.
-eventually freed by the wife of his owner in 1857, died soon after

Election of 1858

-senate elections (not presidency)
-Lincoln comes out of retirement and ran a heated campaign against Douglas for a senate seat of Illinois
-led to the lincoln douglas debates

lincoln douglas debates

-1858 Senate Debate
-Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery
-Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories
-despite losing, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate
-also known as the freeport debate

House Divided Speech

Speech made by Abraham Lincoln during lincoln douglas debates: either be all slave or all free because it can't be half and half and still succeed.

Harper's Ferry, Virginia

-Location of federal arsenal that John Brown raided in 1859 to get guns to arm slaves
-Colonel Lee and marines showed up and executed Brown for treason

election of 1860

-republicans nominated Lincoln
-democrats nominated Douglas after much controversy
-southern democrats dislikes douglas so much that they chose their another candidate: John C Breckenridge
-constitutional union party nominates John Bell
-lincoln won