Practicum 2

Includes Phylums Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and introduction to Phylum Chordata

What phylum is this?

Phylum Mollusca

What is the symmetry of phylum Mollusca?

Bilateral

What body organization does phylum Mollusca have?

Organ Systems

What type of body cavity does Phylum Mollusca have?

Coelomate (true coelom)

Is Phylum Mollusca dioecious or monoecious?

Dioecious

Phylum Mollusca has _________ degrees of cephalization

Various

Is Phylum Mollusca Protostomes or Deuterostomes?

Protostomes (triploblasts), Lophotrochozoans

What are the four main morphological features of Phylum Mollusca?

Protective shell (may be reduced)

Mantle

Visceral Mass that contains body organs

Muscular Foot for locomotion

What is a mantle (Phylum Mollusca)?

Tissue layer that has various functions across groups but mainly involved in secreting chemicals to produce the shell

What phylum is class Bivalvia in?

Mollusca

What phylum and class is this?

Phylum Mollusca and Class Bivalvia

What animals are included in class Bivalvia? (Phylum Mollusca)

Clams, Oysters, Mussels, Scallops, etc.

How does class Bivalvia eat? (Phylum Mollusca)

Filter Feeders

What are filter feeders? (Class Bivalvia) (Phylum Mollusca)

They extract food from water column. Ciliary action moves water over gills; food is trapped in mucus of gills

What are the shells of those who are in Class Bivalvia made out of? (Phylum Mollusca)

Calcium Carbonate

Diagram of anatomy of Class Bivalvia (Phylum Mollusca)

Class Bivalvia has a _________ digestive system that includes what structures? (Phylum Mollusca)

Complete, It includes a filter feeder and a digestive gland that secretes digestive fluids

What is used for the locomotion for Class Bivalvia? (Phylum Mollusca)

A slow muscular foot that allows for burrowing by its swelling and contracting or anchoring the bivalve

Class Bivalvia has an ____________ circulatory and a ___________ chambered heart. (Phylum Mollusca)

Open, Three

Diagram of Class Bivalvia’s Heart (Phylum Mollusca)

Class Bivalvia’s eyes are ___________ compared to our eyes (serve similar functions), but they are not ________ because they arose in a different evolutionary lineage (Phylum Mollusca)

Analogous, Homologous

Some in Class Bivalvia take a larval stage called glochidium, what is this? (Phylum Mollusca)

They use fish gills, skin, or fins as host temporarily

What phylum and class is this?

Phylum Mollusca and Class Gastropoda “Stomach Foots”

What animals does Class Gastropoda include? (Phylum Mollusca)

Snails, slugs, whelks, limpets, conchs, and nudibranch

Animals in Class Gastropoda undergo developmental process called torsion where the body plan is twisted. What body plan does this result for Class Gastropoda? (Phylum Mollusca)

Asymmetrical

What are the advantages of torsion in Class Gastropoda? (Phylum Mollusca)

They are able to draw their vulnerable head into body cavity

What are the disadvantages of torsion in Class Gastropoda? (Phylum Mollusca)

Fouling which is when the anus is above the mouth and the feces contaminates food and breathing

Is Class Gastropoda monoecious or dioecious? (Phylum Mollusca)

Both, some are monoecious and some are dioecious

Class Gastropoda has an _________ digestive system that includes what structures? (Phylum Mollusca)

Complete, and it includes a radula.

What is a radula (Class Gastropoda and Cephalopoda)? (Phylum Mollusca)

Mouth part with rasping teeth for scraping food into mouth

Is Class Gastropoda carnivorous or herbivorous? (Phylum Mollusca)

Herbivorous

Anatomy of a Snail (Phylum Mollusca)

What phylum and class is this?

Phylum Mollusca and Class Cephalopoda

What animals does Class Cephalopoda include? (Phylum Mollusca)

Cuttlefish, octopuses, and Nautilus

Are Class Cephalopoda carnivores or herbivores? What structures do they have for eating? (Phylum Mollusca)

Carnivores and they have a radula and a chitinous beak used as ‘jaws’.

Class Cephalopoda has a _______ digestive system that includes what structures? (Phylum Mollusca)

Complete and they have tentacles (modified foot) and arms grasp prey and direct it into mouth, suckers (suction cups) that hold onto prey, and a beak that tears prey apart

Is Class Cephalopoda dioecious or monoecious? (Phylum Mollusca)

Dioecious

How does Class Cephalopoda reproduce? (Phylum Mollusca)

The males passes sperm to female via specialized arm - hectocotylus and the eggs are fertilized in oviduct then are attached to substrate

How does Class Cephalopoda move? (Phylum Mollusca)

Via jet propulsion

How does jet propulsion work (Class Cephalopoda)? (Phylum Mollusca)

The mantle cavity is filled with water, the mantle is closed and then the water is forced out of the siphon

Other than the nautiloids, most have ________ for evasion (Class Cephalopoda). (Phylum Mollusca)

Ink glands

Class Cephalopoda has a __________ circulatory system including what structures? (Phylum Mollusca)

Closed, including three hearts

What are the three hearts used for in Class Cephalopoda? (Phylum Mollusca)

Two are branchial (pump to gills) and one is systemic (pumps around the body)

Class Cephalopoda Anatomy (Phylum Mollusca)

What is Class Cephalopoda’s nervous system a series of? (Phylum Mollusca)

Ganglia are are connected by nerve cords. They also have a large brain

What is ganglia (Class Cephalopoda)? (Phylum Mollusca)

Nerve centers

Class Cephalopoda has an advanced eyes (except in Nautilus) that is almost human-like. It evolved through convergent evolution. What is this? (Phylum Mollusca)

It is when two separately evolutionary lines produce the same (analogous) structure independently.

How did cephalopods do eyes better than humans? (Phylum Mollusca)

They have no blind spots

Anatomy of Class Cephalopoda's Eye (Phylum Mollusca)

What does Class Cephalopoda use to communicate via movements and visual cues (color changes)? (Phylum Mollusca)

Chromatophores

What are Chromatophores (Class Cephalopoda)? (Phylum Mollusca)

Pigmented cells in the skin that change upon the expansion of muscles

What phylum is this?

Phylum Annelida - Segmented Worms

What symmetry does Phylum Annelida have?

Bilateral

What body organization does Phylum Annelida have?

Organ Systems

Most of Phylum Annelida is ______ (mono or diecious) and reproduction is mostly ______ (sexual or asexual).

Monoecious and sexual

All of Phylum Annelida are ________ with nervous and sensory structures in the __________.

Cephalized, anterior

Phylum Annelida has a _________ circulatory system.

Closed

What is Setae (Phylum Annelida)?

Small hair-like structure for locomotion that is absent in leeches

Phylum Annelida has segmented bodies. The repetition of many organs in each segment that also allows for specialized regions is called what?

Metamerism

What type of body cavity does Phylum Annelia have?

Coelomate (true coelom) that has fluid within each segment

What does the fluid inside the coelom of Phylum Annelida do?

It creates hydrostatic skeleton that can locally rigid

Is Phylum Annelida a protostome or a deuterostome?

A protostomes (tribloblasts) and are Lophotrochozoans

What Phylum and Class is this?

Phylum Annelida and Class Polychaeta “Many Setae”

Are those in Class Polycheata motile or sedentary? (Phylum Annelida)

Both, are motile and others are sedentary

What is Parapodia (Class Polycheata)? (Phylum Annelida)

Paddle-like appendages on each segment from which setae extend. They are more modified in tube worms to serve as gills, to circulate water through tubes, and to filter feed via secreted mucus.

What do parapodia help with (Class Polycheata)? (Phylum Annelida)

Respiration and locomotion

What phylum and class is this?

Phylum Annelida and Class Clitellata

What do members of Class Clitellata possess that is a reproductive structure that aids in sperm transfer and cocoon formation for eggs. (Phylum Annelida)

Clitellum

What Phylum, Class, and Subclass is this?

Phylum Annelida, Class Clitellata, and Subclass Oligochaeta “Few Setae”

What animal is included in the genus Lumbricus? (Phylum Annelida)

Earthworm

What kind of skeleton do animals of Lumbricus have? (Phylum Annelida)

A hydrostatic skeleton

Genus Lumbricus has peristaltic movements. What is this? (Phylum Annelida)

A serier of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract

How do earthworms move? (Genus Lumbricus) (Phylum Annelida)

Through alternating contractions of longitudinal and circular muscles

Earthworms have segmented muscles. What does this mean? (Genus Lumbricus) (Phylum Annelida)

The muscles can only contract and expand a few at a time

Are earthworms dioecious or monoecious? (Genus Lumbricus) (Phylum Annelida)

They are monoecious

Earthworms have a nephridia filter. What does this do? (Genus Lumbricus) (Phylum Annelida)

It filters coelomic fluid from previous anterior segment to remove waste and excrete nitrogenous waste.

Lumbricus anatomy (Phylum Annelida)

What animals are included in Subclass Hirudinea? (Phylum Annelida)

Leeches and relatives

What phylum, class, and subclass is this?

Phylum Annelida, Class Clitellata, and Subclass Hirudinea

Is Subclass Hirudinea herbivorous or carnivorous? (Phylum Annelida)

Carnivorous or ectoparasitic

What does it mean to be ectoparasitic (Subclass Hirudinea)? (Phylum Annelida)

It is to be a pathogen that only infect the superficial layers of the skin

What structures does Subclass Hirudinea have as parasites? (Phylum Annelida)

They have a proboscis for penetrating host’s skin and suckers for attachment to their hosts.

What symmetry do adults have in Phylum Echinodermata?

Penta-radial

what symmetry do the larvae have in Phylum Echinodermata?

bilateral

What body organization does Phylum Echinodermata have? What structures are included?

organ systems; they have nerve rings and radiating nerves

What is a nerve ring? (Phylum Echinodermata)

the nervous system which is connected to five radial nerve cords

what is the endoskeleton made of in Phylum Echinodermata?

calcium carbonate ossicles under the epidermis

what does Phylum Echinodermata use for respiration?

dermal branchiae

Is Phylum Echinodermata digestive system complete or incomplete?

usually complete

What type of coelom is Phylum Echinodermata?

coelomate (triploblastic)

What powers the tube feet in Phylum Echinodermata?

The Water Vascular System

What do the tube feet do? (Phylum Echinodermata)

aid in locomotion, prey capture, respiration and excretion

Organisms in phylum Echinodermata have a madreporite. What is that?

A porous structure for entrance of water into system

Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes (Phylum Echinodermata are ____)

Deuterostomes

What are the 5 classes in Phylum Echinodermata?

crinoidea, ophiuroidea, echinoidea, asteroidea, holothuroidea

What are the 2 subphyla in Phylum Chordata?

Urochordata, cepalochordata

What class does subphylum Urochordata have? (Phylum Chordata)

Ascidiacea

What genus does subphylum Cephalochordata have? (Phylum Chordata)

Amphioxus

what body regions does Class Crinoidea have? (Phylum Echinodermata)

stalk, calyx, 10 arms

How does Class Crinoidea eat? (Phylum Echinodermata)

filter feed by secreting mucus along arms to capture prey